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(. .S (. 0      &7 #r#7(#%r( 5&3 3>#3(3%> $$&$#$ &#    '+/$@ @ (@%0< 'V =    Pollution control Flood storage Wave barriers Flood conveyance Sediment filtration Fish and wildlife habitat Recreation (water-based) Water supply (surface) Aquifer recharge/discharge Wetlands act as settling ponds and remove excess nutrients and other pollutants by filtering and removing pollutants by biological and chem-ical processes. Some wetlands store and slowly release waters during periods of hands store and slowly release waters during periods of h82"#"##"#@"#"#1"#"#"#5-"#"##"#@w"#"#1"#"#"#3rE%B36=%B35 e result of the physical and biological structure, and the physical, chemical, and biological processes that occur in these settings (Smith, 1994). The term values refers to how these functions create results of significance to society (Kusler and Opheim, 1996). (Table 4-1.) Wetlands and riparian areas are complex, dynamic, interactive systems. They are not all alike, nor do they all provide identical functions. Even the same wetland may perform in different ways depending on the season and other factors. Different types of wetlands and riparian areas often occur in landscape complexes, where they have different roles even though they are in close proximity. There is growing appreciation for the functions and values associated with wetlands and riparian areas. Nevertheless, the extent of these functions, and the degree to which they occur or should be valued in a specific situation, is a subject of continuing controversy and research (Leitch and Fridgen, 1998). Some argue that because so few wetlands and riparian areas exist in a natural state, they currently provide little value and mostly represent potential functions. The following sections describe and illustrate some of the functions of wetlands and riparian areas and the value of these functions, focusing on three that many Iowans consider paramount hydrologic control, water quality protection, and habitat for animal and plant species. In addition, the chapter reviews some of the cultural and historic values associated with Iowa wetlands andd riparian areas, and ends with a short discussion of their conservation status. Hydrologic Control Wetland and riparian areas are an integral part of the hydrologic system, and they may act as both recharge and discharge areas for water in the landscape (Stabler, 1985). (Figure 4-1.) Natural wetlands undergo cycles of greater and lesser wetness, some drying up completely during dry times. In wet years, these areas provide water storage. As the land dries, the water table drops, and water stored in wetlands is absorbed into the land surface or evaporates into the atmosphere. During drier summer months, streamside wetlands slowly discharge water into the river through groundwater flows. The amount of water contributed to streams by groundwater sources and riparian wetlands is called the base flow. (Figure 4-2.) The transformation of highly permeable, vegetated land surface to less permeable, cultivated and paved land has reduced the rate at which water infiltrates the land's surface. Thus, during high rainfall, water reaches stream channels more quickly. Peak flows are increased (and during dryer seasons, base flows are reduced). Higher peaks have more momentum, causing stream channels to deepen and banks to become more deeply cut or incised. Bank erosion occurs naturally, but it is greatly exacerbated by these extensive hydrologic changes. In other words, streams are increasingly flashy characterized by more unstable ups and downs, more extreme stormwater runoff, and more frequent flooding yet mmmuch of the year stream flows may be low or channels may be dry. Another landscape alteration that has changed hydrologic patterns is subsurface tiling. These tiling systems, which are extensive throughout parts of Iowa, pull moisture more quickly into underground conduits, which discharge to surface waters, rather than filtering through deep soil layers. The impacts and degree vary depending on conditions such as topography, field drainage systems, and distance to open ditch systems, but the combined effects of agricultural drainage has been to increase flow in streams over surface flow from natural systems (USCOE, 1994). Also, the natural meandering of streams that slows down water has often been eliminated, along with much of the vegetated riparian floodplain that allowed water to spread out and slow down. Levees built along waterways help to protect agricultural and other land in their immediate vicinity, but they also reduce the capacity of the floodplain to store water. Levees capture larger amounts of water in a smaller area, which creates higher flood elevations and leads to a need for higher levees. These large-scale modifications of regional hydrology and terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems have had profound effects on the biological integrity of <=< ! -!'' $ |$d<%t$$$$ $<,Q0$$$$  is a wide variation in predictions of the degree to which they contribute to flood control, depending on many factors such as rainfall, size of watershed, wetland location, and amount of saturation before a flood event. Wetlands and riparian areas alone will not solve all flooding problems, but flood peaks and flood damages can be reduced by retaining and increasing these components of the landscape. This function of wetlands and riparian areas has been receiving increased attention and study, especiallyigh rainfall and snowmelt, thus reducing flood peaks. Wetland vegetation, with massive root and rhizome systems, binds and protects soil. Some wetlands (particularly those immediately adjacent. Some wetlands (particularly those immediately adjacentfor 100-year and one-year storm events, respectively. This was based on a study of four watersheds in Iowa and Minnesota that represented different types of landscapes. The results showed that in areas where significant wetlands exist, they can have a noticeable effect on discharge peaks from the basin, but the effects vary greatly depending on topography. The wetlands were most effective in reducing flood damage during typical storm events (USCOE, 1994). A 1993 study of low- to medium-order streams in Illinois concluded that the volume of water conveyed downstream during high water and floods decreased from about 3.5 percent to 1.5 percent for each 1 percent increase in wetland area (Demisse and Kahn, 1993). Another study of several northern and eastern states found that a watershed comprised of 4-5 percent wetlands would have a 50 percent reduction in peak flood period compared to watersheds that had no wetlands (Novitzki, 1985). What are these hydrological functions worth to Iowa citizens? Though the specific monetary value is difficult or impossible to measure, it is clear that these functions have an economic value, especially when cumulative losses (or gains) over hundreds and thousands of acres are added up. The Minnesota Department of Natural Resources computed that it costs $300 to replace each acre-foot of flood water storage lost in that state (Kusler and Opheim, 1996). During 1985-1996, Iowa was considered to have the highest flood damages of any state in the nation, with approximately $642 million in average annual costs (USCOE, 1996). It is likely that these damages would have been reduced if fewer wetlands and riparian areas had been converted to other land uses. The costs of protecting and restoring wetlands may appear expensive and have to be weighed against other needs of society, but they will seem easier to justify when the balance sheet includes wetlands benefits, such as water regulation and flood control. Many of these costs and benefits accrue in watersheds where people live and pay local taxes. They do not just belong to some abstract society that lives somewhere else. Part of the accounting challenge is that costs are easy to see, whereas benefits are easy to ignore. For example, if it rains and floods, everyone recognizes a problem. If it rains and does not flood, no one notices good fortune is unlikely to be traced back to farmers who has preserved or restored wetlands on their land, or to the riparian project upstream. Water Quality Protection Wetland and riparian arreas capture, transform and store sediments, excess nutrients, and other pollutants. They can serve a critical role as landscape filters to help buffer current high levels of urban and rural runoff, and pollutants that are often contributed by subsurface w  !% !2%,0>(@HJuce pesticide levels. Even if the wetlands are shallow and saturated for fairly short time periods, they can still effectively transform common pollutants into more benign compounds. In addition, the relatively low ratio of wetlands (less than 10 percent) to watershed that appears sufficient to moderate flooding, also appears effective for nutrient removal and sediment detention (DeLaney, 1995; USDA-ARS et al., 1995; Crumpton and van der Valk, 1991; Ogawa and Male, 1983). Nitrate-nitrogen, a pollutant of widespread concern in Iowa waters, can be greatly reduced through increased use of wetlands and riparian buffers. This has been corroborated by a number of Iowa studies. Studies of constructed mini-wetlands (mesocosms) at Iowa State University (ISU) suggest that mature vegetated wetlands may remove nitrate-nitrogen levels ranging from 35 percent for a 300 hectare (741-acre) watershed to 82 percent for a 33-hectare (81.5 acre) watershed (Crumpton and Baker, 1993). Another ISU study looked at water quality in central Iowas Walnut Creek, where nitrate-nitrogen concentrations averaged near the drinking water standard of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/L), with peak concentrations 20-30 percent higher than the standard. One modeling scenario looked at current conditions in the watershed, where wetlands are completely absent, and a hypothetical situation with about 1 percent of the watershed restored to wetlands that intercepted significant flow from subsurface drainage tile. The model predicted that the restored wetland scenario could remove approximately 45 percent of the annual nitrate load exported from the watershed, with concentrations being reduced to about 4 mg/L (USDA-ARS et al., 1995). Vegetated riparian systems also are important for their abilities to filter nutrient and sediment. They also help stabilize stream banks and reduce water temperatures, which increases a streams oxygen carrying capacity and reduces nutrient availability (Lowrance et al., 1985). Well-maintained riparian buffers have the capacity to reduce the sediment load in runoff up to 75 percent or more, as well as to remove up to 50 percent or more of nutrients and pesticides, and to remove up to 60 percent or more of some pathogens (NRCS, 1997). Vegetated strips along headwaters, streams, and rivers intercept surface and also subsurface flow. For example, forested riparian buffers have been shown to provide significant cleansing of nitrate-nitrogen in shallow riparian aquifers (Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 1994; Lowrance, 1992). The effectiveness of vegetation in capturing nutrients and sediment depends upon vegetation characteristics, width of buffer areas, adjacent land use, and slopes of adjacent lands. Research conducted in the Bear Creek Watershed of central Iowa has found dramatic improvements in water quality from multi-species buffer zones that include plantings of trees, shrubs, and deep-rooted warm season grasses such as switchgrass. The buffers also include small restored or created wetlands used to filter water from tile drainage. Preliminary results show significant reductions of sediment and concentrations of nitrate-nitrogen and atrazine. Other pluses are improved soil quality and increased wildlife diversity (Isenhart et al., 1997). The role of wetlands for purify4444treams, etc. - In a national report to Congress, Wetlands: Losses in the United States 1780s to 1980s, the estimates given for Iowa indicate a loss of wetlaing water is underscored by the growing acceptance and use of constructed wetlands for wastewater treatment. (This Plan does not advocate the use of existing, natural wetlands for wastewater treatment this role is for constructed or artificial wetlann0  (>,))),.,,),l ,),),$ ,`,V ,,ds.) Constructed wetland systems for water treatment are relatively new in the Midwest. In other regions, especially the South, demonstration and research conducted since the 1970s indicate that constructed wetlands can provide effective treatment of domestic sewage and acid mine drainage, and even agricultural and industrial wastes. Community-scale constructed wetlands for water treatment are credited for their relatively low capital and operating costs, operational and maintenance simplicity, and depending on the waste being treated, indirect benefits such as provision of wildlife habitat. Disadvantages can include greater land requirements and constraints related to climate, shallow soils, and/or a high groundwater table, and possible overloading of t7777wetlands, and the relative loss versus gains. It is widely agreed, however, that national policies to protect wetlands have helped slow the rate of loss, and restoration programs are reintegrating wetlands back inoxic contaminants (Wren et al.,1997; Steiner et al.,1988). Many of these systems are designed to provide secondary or tertiary treatment, rather than primary, first-stage treatment of wastes. Small constructed wetlands are also used for home-scale resident7777s for Wildlife Program. In perspective, the total area of all restorations done in the southern prairie pothole region between 1987 and 1991 is comparable to the pre-drainage wetland area of just one township (Galial wastewater treatment. According to the Iowa Department of Public Health, interest in this type of system has been very strong, particularly in areas where soil conditions limit use of conventional septic systems. A small monitoring study in Iowa of t7$777or quantifying wetlands and riparian areas. Third, as noted earlier, there are a variety of definitions of wetlands and riparian areas different purposes for wetland inventory lead to different definitions, whichhree constructed wetland systems found that they were reasonably priced compared to other options, and consistently effective in removing some contaminants (such as those measured by total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand). Unfortunately, th7&777hs, and do not consider whether areas interpreted as wetlands are regulated or nonregulated. In Iowa, the NWI mapped a total of 577,429 acres of vegetated wetlands; 289,356 acres of pond, lake and reservoir habitathe surface waters of the region (Isenhart et al., 1997). The effects of these combined changes include more frequent flooding of greater magnitude in downstream areas without levees. Studies support the view that wetlands attenuate flooding, though there systems proved to be inconsistent in reducing fecal coliform counts, leading the state to discourage their use except on an experimental basis. However, the report suggested that further design alterations might eventually make these systems acceptable ,,h>-'. ("(1#>,<&+2.9==3&.A%32  #2>2,2<2&2+222.292=2=232&2.2A2%232222for home wastewater treatment (Sharp,1996). Replacing these natural wetlands functions with other means of controlling pollutants represents costs to society. Wetlands and riparian areas are important as buffers to reduce the amount of pollutants deliver6  < U222222222222 22oil Conservation (DSC), although in some cases, the DSC will be a leader for strategies. Other state and federaed to water, and can supplement efforts at source reduction by farmers and others. Iowa farmers have made significant strides in reducing their levels of nitrogen fertilizer use, but even at optimal fertilization application rates for economic return fro+ %l+ "w is the need to assign responsibility for accomplishing these goals and the strategies under them. In some cases, leadership is clear because the strategy largely reflects current activities. Ho&&3 9l#I(9%lactivities of agencies, organizations, and individuals to conserve these resources. The strategies for directing and coordinating statewide activities are based uponj9j i Oerns or issues. (See Chapter 4.) These issues, goals, and strategies represent substantial common ground, though each point that follows has not been endorsed by every agency, group, any agency, groupm crop production, nitrate levels exported off-site in surface and tile runoff will often exceed drinking water standards (Crumpton and Baker, 1993). The most cost-effective way to improve water quality may well be to balance source reduction with delivery reduction from landscape buffers. That balance is important. It is known that wetlands can serve as very effective traps for sediments, nitrate-nitrogen, and other pollutants, but high loadings of sediments and other runoff degrade wetlands and eventually reduce their functioning. To be most effective, erosion control, hydrologic and input management, and landscape buffers must work together (National Research Council, 1995a; Crumpton and Baker, 1993). Removing nitrates alone requires expensive modifiV$ !".V& ,#(,%ction agenda. They tend to be general, reflecting the nature of the planning effort, and the current status of Iowa programs for wetlands and riparian ar7A7&7#7 list of activities or new duties for the Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship and its Division of Soil Conservation (DSC), but the DSC will be a leader for a number of these strategies. Other state and ations to water treatment plants. The Drinking Water Infrastructure Needs Survey: First Report to Congress (USEPA, 1997) estimates that nationwide, treating nitrates is a small percentage of water treatment needs, but the nature of the health threat ma-"- ( ()% it is not the intention of this Plan to determine priorities and programs for other state and federal agencies. To be effective, the majority of strategies have to be acckes the need significant " Survey respondents reporting high levels of nitrate estimated their needs at $6.7 million per system to treat existing sources or develop new sources. In addition, current needs identified by water systems to address contaminaH=)*,/=SET \~*$R 0R s and the eR1p+`` aM ``0aM TUVU`0U(`p`aM `0HHT`0``0` 0, Illustration: Rudolf M. Schuster ion: Rudolf M. Schuster  since the Midwest flooding in 1993. Estimates by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have determined that restoring upland wetlands could help reduce flood peaks from 5-23 percent, while restoring riparian wetlands could reduce flood peaks from 3-6 percent,Photo: Eugene Kromray Illustration: Rudolf M. Schuster ScSchuster `(( Moines Water Works constructed a nitrate removal facility at a cost of $3,661,000. The facility uses an ion exchange process to remove nitrates when the concentration in the Des Moines and Raccoon rivers exceeds the drinking water standard. The facility, which is operated only when needed, costs approximately $3,000 per day to operate, which does not include the cost of the facility, or its overhead costs, such as heat and light. Since the facility was first operated in 1992, it has been operated an aver[[ ǘ        ?`      ? ,nts with chronic health risks total $1.7 billion. Atrazine is one of the frequently reported pollutants associated with treatment needs in this category, and wetland and riparian areas have been found to reduce atrazine levels. In the early 1990s, the Deecing the country, with water quality and the purity of drinking water considered the top conservation needs in the state (89 percent). This research, conducted by the ISU Department of Journalism and Mass Communication (1996) for the Resource Enhancement and Protection (REAP) Conservation Education Board, showed waste management issues, agricultural chemical usage, and loss of wildlife habitat and natural areas as the next highest environmental concerns. (The survey did not ask questions specifically relatcR1p+aanbZQVd0TaPaanbZaHHU a00a aa0 1a0 /8ݙ̪wap R1paBPa`]pe`TQHUaBPa` ]Pe`T*aBP>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>>!>$>/>2>=>@>K>N>Y>\>g>j>u>x>>ater moving through tile systems (Crumpton and Baker, 1993; van der Valk and Jolly, 1992). The ability of wetlands to remove sediment, nitrogen, and phosphorus has been extensively studied and demonstrated, but there are also studies that show wetlands reextent to which they provide habitat depends on such factors as: the diversity and arrangement of vegetation, amount of open water, water chemistry, and the relationship of the wetland to topographic features, lakes, streams, other wetlands, and other surr  @ ~<  7   0 0 0? 0>? 0<??8`<???~;a?9p`x< `  `| >9p >00|10p00pp0`pp0ounding habitat. Birds that require or favor wetlands and riparian areas include many species of waterfowl, shorebirds, and some songbirds and birds of prey. Other wildlife that use these areas include muskrats, minks, beavers, otters, frogs, turtles, salpx x||8?||0?>?|0o|p?x?`|0<x`>`{ ` <$amanders, and fish. Although wetlands constitute only about 5 percent of the nations lands, from 35 to 46 percent of all endangered and threatened species are either dependent on or associated with wetland areas (Boylan and MacLean, 1997). Over 100 of Iowas animal and plant species recognized as being endangered, threatened, or of special concern are associated with wetlands and riparian areas (Pearson, J., personal communication, 1997; Iowa Natural Resources Commission, 1994; IAN, 1993c). (Table 4-3.) Wet meadow-type communities and fens, which are becoming increasingly rare in Iowa, provide habitat to a disproportionately high number of rare, threatened and endangered species (Eggers and Reed, 1987). For example, Iowas fens are home to more thaned to wetlands or riparian areas.) (Table 4-2.) Habitat for Plants and Animals Wetlands and riparian areas are among the most productive and diverse biological communities on earth. The role of providing critical habitat for maintaining natural biodivee;x <xo p|px x|8< p| xx8< x?s| ?c9|0 ?ax ?ÀCx ?ǀ@>x pÀ<p ǀp ~p gc<p y> x<p8x>8x >?xp x>`< xp?y>`p{y?p8x>p  8cxp 8c|sp 8'xg8 87|g? 7|@ion or depth of standing water (Kantrud et al., 1989). Hydrologic gradations or zones, that spread out from the deeper portion of the wetland to the upland, largely determine what types of plants and where they will be found. In natural systems, these zok ? <38p o<39xc87;x08s;~߆88w;0dž8 ?p908y8` 8w8`00?w8` p?w8nes tend to be gradual and provide niches for many different species. (Figure 4-3.) If restored or constructed wetlands are to resemble nature, they should be designed to mimic this type of zonation. Creation and/or restoration projects that have more pronounced, steeper slopes (bathtub shaped) with less zonation will limit the variety of plant life that can be established (Galatowtisch and van der Valk, 1996; Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 1994; Confer and Niering, 1992). Fish often inhabit wetlands and riparian areas, using them as sources for food or locations for spawning. Warm, shallow wetlands found in Iowa are usually low in oxygen, and many do not contain fish. Even so, some fish, such as fathead minnow, bullhead, bluegill, catfish, carp, brook stickleback, and black crappie are frequently found in wetlands (IAN, 1993b; IAN, 1993c; Peterka, 1989). Northern pike are known to depend on wetland and riparian marshes to breed. Other fish come to spawn, and young (especially those preyed upon) find protective cover in marsh vegetation and may remain in these rearing areas until quite mature (Weller, 1994; Priegel, 1970). More generally, wetlands and riparian areas help support Iowas fisheries by maintaining water quality and quantity. Wildlife and plConservation of wetlands and riparian areas is important because these areas perform functions that society values. The term functions refers to how wetlands and riparian areas work thhm "functions" refers to how wetlands and riparian areas work -- thants are appreciated for different reasons. Loss of wildlife habitat and natural areas was a concern to 70 percent or more of Iowans surveyed in a recent ISU study (ISU Dept. of Journalism and Mass Communications, 1996). Another recent survey studied motivations for entering land into the national Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP). This research, which surveyed WRP participants around the country, shows that providing habitat for wildlife or for game species of wildlife was extremely important to more tha0gp?s80sp?x0>p?90_30p?68<6xxß?? <| |q8 ߎ =<n 80 percent of respondents. Providing wildlife habitat was rated as not important by only about 1 percent of respondents (Pease et al., 1997). (Table 4-4.) Many believe that all species have an intrinsic value, and that humans have an obligation to try:3 y߀|c? |< 0c<Ͼ xa? Gx?? o8 p |gga 8 w` `` >8 ` À> `? `8 ?` 8?> <=@ xc 8<  0#0M1~1>`1~1dR1p+ab`amOe`$ab`/m,amapP"x"$ajxL L'L L(anO e`amOab`an@Oab`GGcan@ee 0anNe`anNe`pab`> .À`~1<vg~p`Kx|0c<J:p?~0C|1M|x0|cx1.|w cx1E:Þs s81  x}` to manage our activities in ways that allow other creatures to exist. Many religions, including Catholic, Jewish, and many Protestant groups traditions include doctrinal, stewardship-oriented statements that present this value. There are also many leve1 x x yx0 w?x? >x |s< |w=| c| ?g<< p<>?<@80<@?0\p x<θ?:x?/x<?x~>x?p|<9?ols of appreciation for wildlife and plants from more practical perspectives. Humans are part of the larger web of life, and it is argued that the current rate of species extinction and the environmental changes that cause it are weakening the planets liffe support systems that ultimately support humans. From an even more utilitarian view, when we lose wild plants and animals, we lose important natural resources. Timber, fisheries, furs, and outdoor recreational opportunities provide direct benefits to our economy. It is estimated that less than 1 percent of the Earths species have been carefully studied as possible resources for human use, and yet this small percentage provides us with many foods, medicines, and materials (IAN, 1995). Recreational values of wildlife alone are significant. Nationwide, almost 40 percent of all U.S. adults about 77 million people hunt, fish, watch birds, or photograph wildlife. These activities, which are frequently associated with healthy wetlands and waterways, reeepresented an estimated $87 billion in direct expenditures (which get compounded in the economy) from equipment and trip-related spending in 1996. In Iowa, the preliminary results of the latest data on values of outdoor recreation estimate that about 47 percent of the state's population engage in hunting, fishing, or wildlife watching, and that these activities represent about $898 million in direct expenditures (USFWS, 1997). Historic and Cultural Values From the earliest times, wetlands and riparian areeas have attracted human settlement. Contemporary developers understand this, frequently featuring streams, wetlands, and water bodies as an important amenity of their projects. The heightened sense of place these amenities can provide often commands incrrsity of animal and plant species has been one of the most recognized functions of wetlands and riparian areas. In the United States, some 1,200 species of plants and more than 10,000 invertebrates make their homes in freshwater wetlands (IAN,1993c). T of where midwestern prehistoric and early historic archaeological sites will be found (Jones, D., personal communication, 1997; Doershuk, 1996; Benn, 1987). The reasons include the availability of a wide variety of plant and animal resources, a convenient water supply, and easily accessible water transportation routes. The experience of many Euro-American settlers who came to Iowa and made their homes here was also connected with wetlands, even if primarily to conquer them. For example, records that show the character and historical extent of wetlands can help historians better understand why settlers chose particular areas to build their farms, the extent of drainage activities, and the impacts of these projects on the states agricultural and community0?f`?`` >> ` > `À~> @ǀ>?0@?0`0<0a0g0| @$d<Q$$$$ ?ۀ?߀ ߀>?`πx`?π `7   0`T<TTTT of wetland and riparian stewardship goals into conservation planning efforts, including Best Management Practice planning, whole farm plans, water quality planIp<IpIpIpIpKLǀPUTSWX؀[`\]<_EaKbPcQdTgXh[maobpqҀ2 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlanN0,N^NuNVA)H n ZBgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n >9n^BgHxHlNf0,N^NuNVA)H n \BgHxHlN>0,N^NuNVA)H 9n ^BgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H n [BgIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 3 3@@ Z0[pvZ0 ,@  W   u |  eD V,h 0<0`080`<0 `>8 @;x`?? ? >ǿ008?/00<?g00 819dXXXzz"x$$}$BɋBb20 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan ,__P`I0 {O30__0`I0zNz3N__`I0QT˄Q__`I0___HHQPg_0A0?qÀ>>g}Ã>>p|`0@|0p0Ox 0 o| ><<G>5Ǟ?`ot0w?぀68 >?C1>~>xp c<| ` ߴx, p>o< .OXO  !EOparticularly timely and/or controversial. z ISSUE 2 Functions and values of wetlands and riparian areas The fields of science and applied science related to wetlands and riparian areas are dynamic. A great O~>| |< ? g?  g< _p  |? |` <`>}`>`?~ ~ > ? p ?    eldom if ever available. Conservation, and sometimes design and management, decisions often ~~&  &(&BB  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~~~~~~~}}}}}}||||||{{{{{{zzzzzzyyyyyyxxxxxxwwwwwwvvvvvvuuuuuuttttttssssssrrrrrrqqqqqqppppppoooooonnnnnnmmmmmmllllllkkkkkkjjjjjjiiiiiihhhhhhggggggffffffeeeeeeddddddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa``````______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPP9<99 9reas, and the resulting costs and benefits of different policy approaches. 2. Establish a clearinghouse and/or web page for Iowa-specific information related to wetlands and riparian areas that would include listsOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::999999888888777777666666555555444444333333222222111111000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!!  &&UfwfUfUUfUwfwffUD 33DUD3UDUUDUfwfUUffwfwfwwfDDUUfUU3DDfUfwwwwfwwwfU"Dfwwfw ffwffUfUfUD"""3DUUfU3DD3DUUDUDfDUDUfUUDUfwwfUUfw fUDUffUUDDUDUDUfUDUfUf UUffwffUffUUfUfUfUDUf" wfUDDfUfwwfwfw wffwwwUDfwfwwU3Dwwww"UwwwfUfwUUfwfwffwfUD""33DUfUDD"DDUDDUUfwUDUDfwwwfwf3Dw fDUUDUfUfwwfUUfUffUffUfUfUwffwfUwffUffUffUUfw;wwfwwwfDD3DUUfffwwffwfwwwfwwwwwwfwfw,fDDfUwwfwwww3"3ffwwwwww3DwwfUfwfwfUU33"3UD3UUfUDUD3DUDUDfUwffUDDUUfwwwU"Dw fwwww wfwwffwfDD3UUD fUfUfwwwwff fUfDUUffDDUffwwfwfUfUUfUfUfUUlwffwfUfwffwffDU3DUUwwwwffU ffwwfwffwwfwfwwfw wfUffwfwwfwwfD"DUfwwwwfwwwD3wwfUUfwfwfwwwffUfDDfUfUwUfUUfU3DUDUUDUUffUDUUfwwwD""3wwwf wwffwfwwffUUf UDUUDDUDUDfUfwfffUDffUfwfU fUUfUUfUUDfIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 21 21 ,^ _b`I0 { __a`I0zz__a`I0__a`I0U<ULQ_Q __@__ HHwfwffU(fwUUwwUUDDUUwfwwwffUffwwffUwfwf wwwffUfUwwwf wwfwfUDDUfwww fwU"fwfUDfUfwfwfwffDfwwfwDUDUDUfUfUD3DffDUUfUwfwwwwfU" 3ffwfwfwfwffUfUfUfUffUfwfUfUfUfUf ffwffUfUUfUfUUDfwfwUwUwUwUfUDfUUf ffUfUfUfwwwwwfUff wwUUffwfUUDDUfDUUfwwfUDUDfUffww fwffffwwUffwUD U3"33DDUUfwfUUDUffUfUUDD33UfUfwwwD"3 UfwwfwfwUfUwUfUf UUfUDUUDUDUfUfDUffUffUfUfwfwfDUDUfUDUfwfUffUfDUfUffwwfDUfwUUfUfwwwwUfDfwfU fwUDDffwwffUUfUfDDUUfwUD3Uwww ffUwwfUUDfUD"""33DDUfwf,DUUffUffUUD33DDUffUfwwUwfwww3"33U3UDfUUfUfDfUDUDfUDUDU#Iowas rare fens home to over 200 plants Fens are boggy, spring-fed wetlands. Also known as peatlands, fens are Iowa's most unusual wetland type. They are home to over 200 plant species, making them one of the most biodiverse habitats in the state. Of tDUDUffUfUUfwwfw ffUUDUUfU3DUfUfwfUDUDDUfwfZwfUDUDUUfwwfwwffUfUwwfwwffUUf"wwfUUffwfUDDUUfwwffwUUfwwfU$DDfwwwDD""3DfDfwwwff"DUwffwwfwUfUffUUD3"33DDffwfwUfDUffUDUfwffwwwfU33%22 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlansources. Its diverse woodlands, wetlands, and prairies are being restored. 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Areas Conservation PlanPlan `_`_` __p ,j` _ development patterns (Soike, 1996). Thus, the historical values associated with wetlands provide another layer of interest to these environments. This ecological and cultural richness can sometimes bring tourism opportunities. Examples within Iowa include the Mines of Spain Recreational Area, a designated National Historic Landmark, and Effigy Mounds National Monument. These, like many other state and national parks, include wetlands and/or riparian areas, and highlight the prehistoric and historical presence of American Indians and/or the experiences of early Euro-American settlers. The modern attraction to wet sites is exemplified by the Cedar Valley Lakes development being planned and carried out in Black Hawk County. This project is designed to create a large, water-oriented recreation/conservation greenbelt along the Cedar River, capitalizing on opportunities created by highway construction projects. The project will include private commercial development, along with creation of two new lakes, hiking trails, wetland acquisition and restoration of oxbow lakes along the river, newly constructed wetlands, and preservation of large timbered riparian tracts for wildlife travel corridors. The total cost is anticipated to be about $7 million over 15 years, but when complete, the project is expected to generate a $1.75 million annual positive cash flow from increased tax returns, additional jobs, and other investments (Iowa Northland Regional Council of Governments, 1997). Conservation Status The previous discussion of wetlands and riparian area functions includes both actual and potential functions, which can often be difficult to sort out. However, a short discussion of their conservation status may provide clues to help understand how wetlands and ripoday. (See Chapter 3.) Restorations of wetlands and riparian areas are occurring as a result of several relatively recent federzs}T@sT@sT@s+J^~Ƒ^~ԑ^~⑱^~^~^~ _ s al programs, especially the Wetlands Reserve Program (WRP) and the Emergency Wetlands Reserve Program (EWRP). These programs have been popular with Iowa landowners, who had enrolled the largest number of contracts in the nation through October 1997 (USDA-̪ wwfwfUwUffffwfDfw ffwwUfw-wwUffDUfU"fw3UffDU3DUf33D3DU33Uww33wfUDDfDUDfwff ̻ݻ̻̻DUww̻̙̙3DUD# wwUffwffUfUUffDUUDUO and van der Valk, 1996). Moreover, the researchers point out that restoration of wetlands has so far resulted in a pattern of distribution that is considerably different from pre-drainage patterns. Different classes of wetlands are not being restored in proportion to their abundance in the pre-drainage landscape ephemeral and temporary wetlands are under-represented and larger, more permanent wetlands over-represented. Restored wetlands are also more likely to be isolated from other wetlands, rather than occurring in more natural wetland complexes that contained all classes of wetlands in a variety of sizes. One implication of this isolation is that seed dispersal and recolonization of native species are likely to be limited. Thus, planting will be necessary to establish a full range of vegetation in restored areas. Of special concern are wet prairie, sedge meadow, and shallow emergent species of plants, and the animals that rely on or favor them (Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 1996). The status of the states remaining wetlands and riparian areas remains uncertain. Many continue to be threatened by activities related to agricultural, urban, and transportation development, including erosion-related sedimentation, drainage, channelization, filling, and excavation. The report, Water Quality in Iowa During 1994 and 1995 (IDNR, 1997) includes an assessment of 83 out of 154 publicly owned wetlands, totaling approximately 26,062 acres. The report suggests that Iowas highest quality publicly owned wetlands are in the prairie potholes, and that impaired wetlands are more likely to occur in other parts of the state, especially where wetlands are associated with river corridors. Privately owned wetlands were not assessed. About 3 percent of the wetlands were judged to be fully supporting all uses, 22 percent fully supported uses but were threatened by existing or anticipated pollution, and 65 percent were considered impaired for one or more uses. The major causes of water quality impairments were considered to be siltation, high levels of plant nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus), and alteration of habitat and hydrology. Riparian areas were not directly assessed, but the major impacts to designated uses of Iowa's rivers and streams were most often attributed to habitat alteration and high levels of pathogen indicators (fecal coliforms), with moderate to minor impacts most often caused by siltation and alterations of flow (IDNR, 1997). The question arises, If these areas are impaired (as many are), and not pr`` `.. . `. $. H. l. . . . .  . D. hWetlands function How wetlands perform function Factors determining the importance of functionnF !)19AIQYUUfDUD%UfUDUDUDDfD3D3DUD33DUUDwDU̻ݻ!݈ffwfwUDwwff"fwffwwUUfffUwwDUf"3DDD wffUwf""DfwUfwfwwfwffwUffUfwffww̙̻ݻݻ̙fwݪݪ̪̻̻wwffwfwwfgUwUwwfUUfUUDUUwUUfUDD3UDUfUD3UDDUDDU3DUfUUD33DUwwwD"Dwݪ̻̻̙ffwf DwU3fUDfwfOwfwwwfwffwwUwDww"3DUfDUDwUUwUUDfwwfwfwUfwwwffwwffw̻ݻ̻̻DfL 200 plant species, including 24 rare plants, 12 of which are only found in fen habitats (Pearson and Leoschke, 1992; Thompson, 1990). Plants that live in wetland and riparian environments are uniquely adapted to grow in different degrees of soil saturaww ̻̪̻̻̻wwwfw&wUfwwUfwUffwfwwwUwffDUD3D3D3DUfD33DU3DDUDUDU33D3wwf3D ݈wwwUfwfwf3Uwf3Df"U wfwwfUwffUwffw3UUwfwfffwffwwwwwDwwfU ̻ ̪̻wf̻ݪ ̙̻ݻ̻www wffwwfwfUwwfwUfwafD3DD3wDUfUDU33D3D"DD3D33D3"U3UUU3w̻fDwwffwUfffDwUUffwfU ffwUDUf3fUDwUwfUfwwwwfChapter 4dpX:X:bX8ȾԾ}ྜ%%[%ff1ùGǀUT؀`<EKPQTX[abҀ4 to rivers and streams) serve as floodway areas by conveying flood flows from upstream to downstream points. Wetland vegetation rivers and streams) serve as floodway areas by conveying flood flows from upstream to downstream points. Wetland vegetation oviding their full range of functions, are they valuable? The answer may differ with each situation. In general, however, wetlands and riparian areas are part of the landscape's natural infrastructure, the building blocks of which are soil, water, air, tates, some 1,200 species of plants and more than 10,000 invertebrates make their homes in freshwater wetlands (IAN,1993c). The 0,000 invertebrates make their homes in freshwater wetlands (IAN,1993c). The r homes in freshwater wetlands (IAN,1993c). The Functions and Values of Wetlands and Riparian Areas `ff Figure 4-1 Wetland hydrology and groundwater levels Wetlands and riparian areas are an integral part of the hydrologic system. Depending on many factors, including geology, soils, and climate, wetlands may act aarge and/or discharge areas for water in tbinds soil particles and retards the movement of sediment in slowly flowing water. Wetlands provide water, food, and nesting and resting areas. Wetlands provide fish, wildlife, and water for recreational uses. Some wetlands stoe waters, nt of wetland, wetland vegetation (including type, condition, density, growth patterns), soil texture type and structure, normal and peak flows, wetland location relative to sediment of vegetated buffer Wetland type and size, dominant wetland vegetation  XU[[ƀUHb %ww ww̙̻ ̻ww̻f̻w̻̻ wwfwwwx!*wwUUfwfwDDffUfwfUfDU3U3DUUwfDDU3UD3D 33D"D3Dff3DDU 3Uf̻f ̻̪wfw"fUffUD"3wf'wwand diversity of life forms, location of wetland within watershed, surrounding habitat type, juxtaposition of wetlands, water chemistry, water quality, water depth, existing uses Wetland vegetation, wildlife, water quality, accessibility to users, size, relative scarcity, facilities provided, surrounding land forms, vegetation, land use, degree of disturbance, availability of similar wetlands, distribution Precipitation, watershed runoff characteristics, wetland type and size, outlet characteristics, locare waters, reducing the timing and amount of surface runoff. They also filter pollutants. Some wetlands store water and release it slowly to groundwater deposits. Many other wetlands are discharge areas for groundwater for a portion or allllon or als recharge and/or discharge areas for water in the landscape. Wetlands placement along the hydrologic continuum influences their characteristics, such as water chemistry, soils, biology, and even how humans use them.Ά͚͚l of the year. Type and size of wetland, wetland vegetation (including type, condition, density, growth patterns), source and type of pollutants, water course, size, water volume, streamflow rate, microorganisms Wetland area relative to watershed, wetland position within watershed, surrounding topography, soil infiltration capacity in watershed, wetland size and depth, stream size and characteristics, outlll infiltration capacity in watershed, wetland size and depth, stream size and characteristics, outlets (size, depth), vegetation type, substrate type Location of wetland adjacent to lakes, rivers, and coastal waters; wave intensity; type of vegetation; and soil type Stream characteristics, wetland topography, and size, vegetation, location of h and ewfffwU3UDUwfwffww3fDwffDfw̻ f̪̻ ̻̻̻̪f̻ ̻̻̻ wwwf$wUUfwUDUfUUffUDUDfUUfUfD3DUD33wwfD3D "DD3UfUD"wUwf3ݪs llutants associated with treatment needs in this category, and wetland and riparian areas have been found to reduce atrazine levels. In the early 1990s, the Des nd and riparian areas have been found to reduce atrazine levels. In the early 1990s, the Des ̪wwUD"wwDwfffU32ffDwUwUUwDffUUDUUDwUfDfDUUUww̻̻̻ ̻̻ݪ̻ݻ̻݈ݻݻ̙̻ ̻ffw  ̻f33DUUfDUDUDfUwwf DU3ffUD33U3D33"age of 32 days per year for an annual operating cost of $96,000 (Benjamin, G., 1997, personal communication). What about perceptions? According to a recent statewide survey of 483 Iowans, environment was perceived as the most important overall problem faaand living organisms. Nature arranged these building blocks in ways that tend to sustain life and provide natural resiliency, and their continued loss will impact humans, as well as other animal and plant species.shrubs- --"%eased rates for rentals and sales in newly constructed urban areas. Prehistoric peoples were drawn to water, including wetlands and riparian areas, for practical and possibly other reasons. These landscape elements have been discovered to be a predictorhese species, 24 are considered rare and 12 are found primarily or only in fens. Pictured here is the delicate Grass-of-Parnassus, along with Boneset, at Berning Fen in Dickinson County, photographed during a field trip of the Society of Wetland ScientisttR1p+b@b @Pb8VaVcHTb@P1pb ` b8b HHTob 0b!b b 1b  /Ȩ$b@33D3wffD"UwD wwUwww̻̙ݪw"ff"ffUfUffUUD3"ffw#fwUUfDwfwwUUwwfwwfw"̻̙̻̻̻ݻ ݻ̻̪̻ wwwN$̪fD3Ufwf e<f eff e efquestions Wetlands have been shown to be provide water quality benefits. These mesocosms, or constructed mini-wetlands, at a research site near Ames provide con77773kObl CLI Helvetica Condensed LightOblCLO Futura CondLightObliqueCO Futura CondensedOblique Compacta BoldCopperplate29abCopperplate29bcCopperplate30abCopperplate30bcCopperwU fUffUU"DDwU fDUDUUwfUU3"D!"D"UwUwDDUw3"3wDwfwwff̻ݻ̻ wfUDffUwf""33"wwfwfUUwfwDwwUUffw3wUww̻̙̻ݻ ݻ̻ݪݻ(E E E 4FEHHmff33̙ff33s North-Central Chapter. Midwestern fens, such as the Kenny Lindstrom fen in Cerro Gordo County, shown in the inset, are typically less than 10 acres and occur on hillsides. Only about 200 fens still exist in some form in the state. Most have been seriously degraded, and less than 50 are considered to be in good condition today. Casual observers do not always recognize fens because of the lack of open or standing water at the land surface. The same is often true of wet or sedge meadows, another type of Iowa wetland that is becoming more uncommon.  ̻ݻ̻wfwwU" ̪wfwwwUwDUUDDfwfUwwUD3D3UDDfDUD"33fDfwDU""3UfwD"̻̻̪w̙̪̻̪ݻ̈fwUD3wffwUUff"3wDwwfwffUfUDwUwDwDwwfwwDw@wU̻̻̻w̻̻ݻ̻ݙ̻̻ݻ̪ݻ̻www ̻fwwfwwD3DUfD3UwfUfDUD3D33U"D3D3UffwwffD""3w̻̻̻̻̪݈wUwffUwwfDfDUDUU'DUwfffww3DffwDwUfwUffwfwDwUU w Uwݙw̻̻ݻݻw̻ݻݻݪ̻ fUfwwwD" ̻fDUfwww wwfUfwDDUDDUDffD3UUD3D33UfDDwfD" 3fwD3̙̻̻ݻwf"33DU33fUwfwfDwUUwwU3wwDwwfffffwfwIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 27 27Whassis ICG{WillowWood Type Ornaments 2Zapf Chancery Medium Italic Zapf DingbatsiiQ)6x111111ig11111111)J7777n Helvetica Narrow ObliqueB New Century Schlbk BoldBI New Century Schlbk BoldItI New Century Schlbk Italici0P)6x})7pi0 Blank Single Blank Facing Page  A-28 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlanD Eurostile DemiD ITCKabel Demi DF Diversions Dianna BoldDO Eurostile DemiObliqueEast Bloc ICG ClosedEast Bloc ICG Closed AltEast Bloc ICG OpenEast Bloc ICG 77773 Versailles| Whassis ICG{WillowWood Type Ornaments 2Zapf Chancery Medium Italic Zapf DingbatsiiQ)6x111111ig11111111)JIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 29 29pYHH3Y[@ica MediumY6 Helvetica MediumItalic75 Helvetica Bold76 Helvetica BoldItalic85 Helvetica Heavy86 Helveti7777ndExtraBoldObliqueD Eurostile DemiD ITCKabel Demi DF Diversions Dianna BoldDO Eurostile DemiObliqueEast Bloc ICG ClosedEast Bloc ICG Closed AltEast Bloc ICG OpenEast Bloc DUUwwf̪̪̻̈̈ݻ ̻̻̻̪ݻ̻DUUDUfUwU!wUwfwfBgHx&HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n :BgHx'HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n BgHx(HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n :BgHx*HlNn0,N^NuNVA)H natural areas (75%) z industrial pollution (68%) z livestock waste (63%) z inadequate parks and recreational facilities (55%) State concerns. On the state level, respondents care about: z water quality (89%) z the purity of drinking water (87%) z waste ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ffmanagement (landfills, recycling, hazardous wastes) (83%) z agricultural chemicals (86%) z loss of wildlife habitat and natural areas (70%) z industrial pollution (65%) z livestock waste (74%) z inadequate parks and recreational facilities (65%)ter (86%) 33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffH6HH H  wetland in relationship to river or stream, existing encroachment on floodplain (such as dikes, dams, and levees) Depth and exte encroachment on floodplain (such as dikes, dams, and levees) Depth and exten (such as dikes, dams, and levees) Depth and exteݙ̙ݪݪݪݻ̪ ̻̻ ̻̻̻wUDf"f̪Eff33DwUwUwwwfwf̙̻wffw̙̻̙݈̻wDD"3f"f3U"DD3ffwfw̻̻ݻݻ̙̻ݪ̻̪ ̻ݻw̻ ̪̻̻̻ fUfU3UU$U"DUDUUf3"DffffwfwfwUD̪Uf̙̪̻ ݪf3""3DD3"DwDDwUwwD̈f̪̻̻ݪ̻ݙ̻̻ݻ̻wݻ ̻̻̪̻̻̻̻fD3UUff; f"fwffUwDwfwfwfwww݈DUDff̙ݻ̻̪ffwf%"33DU""3UfU3UfwUfDU̻ݻݙw+̻̻ݻݻ̻ݻݻ̪̻̻̻̈ ̪̻̻U"DDfUD#̻ ݻwwD"Dffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffff w%l4<+"'2&3 0!)""aЫ,W|$d<U $$$$ Number reporting Number reporting Number reporting not important somewhat important extremely important Reason: to provide habitat for wildlife 4 43 257 provide habitat for game species of wildlife 36 61 205 wanted to leave something wild fr future generations 37 62 201 natural beauty 39 80 184 financial help was available to do it 58 96 149 to restore some of the functions of wetlands, like to clean run-off water 97 100 106 concern over loss of wetlands in this region 114 92 97 7777|$d<U$$$$ $<,U0$$$$ @$d<UIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 31 31/////1(//(/(/(/(/((/(S(S(S(S.S(S.S.SRSRSRSRSRSRSRSRSRw#|v|v}v}v}v}v}v}R}R}R}R}RwR}RSRwRSRSRSRS.S/S..SS//)/)///////////////// /ffwU3"DD3U&̪wf3fw33Dwẅ̪ ݻ̻fDDw3U"U"UUU̻̪fff ݻ̻ݻ3̻̪̻ ̪3̪̪̻̪UDfDDUwfU̻www̪w3@"UwDDfwUU̙wwfUwUffww̻̪ẅ̻̻̻  w̪݈Df"D"DwDwf̙̻̻ݻݻݻ̻̻̪̪ 7 777& @-)@*bits, and landscaping for the Center are the result of local fundraising, a U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service grant, and assistance from the Palo Alto Soil Conserv32 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan@p .̻fDDUU$w0wfw̪U33"fwwffwUwfwfwwUfff ̻̪̻ ̪̈ݻU3"w33DD3Dfwww̻̪̪̪̪̪wffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff$̻̪f ̻̻DUfUDU;ffwwwfD3DD33UDUwwwwUUfw3Uw ̻̻̪̻̻ U3̻̪̪̪D3D"D33UUffDUw̻&̻̻̪̻̻ ̻̻̻̻̪̻ffUDUDK"ff3fff9̪DDfwww̙fwfD3U3UffDUUU ̻ݻf3D̪݈fUU3UfU3fDwf̙w̪̻wݪ̙ݪ̻ݻ̻̻̻ẅݻ̻ wUDDUDc 1fU3UwwfUfUDfwwww̪̪wU"33ffffwDwUfUfU̻ݙ3Dݻ̪3"3wwww3U̻/̻̻̻ݻݪ̻̪̻̻̻̻̻̈3̪̪̻̈w̻̻UfUDo$f̪wwwwUfDfwwfDwfDfUDUUfwffDUUݻUD̻̻̈ݻfD3f3fw̻+̪ݪ̻̪ݪ̻̻̻̻̻f3f̻̙̪ Uff3D3U3$̻UfUUww;UUffwwfff3wfD <w> |^|_}_}    Zy V[7@}MZwZy pZ(~Zy ~~lI[Zz0ZZy Vp[7@ZzPDwfDfDUDfUUwwUDU̻̻ݻ ݙ̪ ̪̻fwUwff̪̻̪(f̻ݻ̪̻̈ݪ ݪ̻̻̻ w̻̪̻ ̪̈Uf̻̻ݻwUUD3D!Swf̙wwffwUUwDDwfDfwDfwfwwD"fUfDfffD3"3DDf3UDw3wD̻ݙww̪̻̻ݻݻ݈3w̻̪̪̻̻̪̪̻ ̻D3̪ ݻ̪"Photo: Erica Berrier Abandoned Mine Land Reclaimed with Wetlands Creating wetlands at sites where none originally existed is a relatively new field of practice and science. The wetlands shown were, created as a part of the Poffenbarger Abandoned Mine Lan wUDDfwU"̪̪wݪf7fwffwfwwDUffUwwffUUDfUDfUwÜwUUU3fDU"UDwf 3̪̻̻$Dwwf̻̻̻ݙ̪̻̻̻̪̻̻w̻̻̻ݻݻD3UUUfD3UU3̻=fwD"wwUfwUfUwDf3Dff3Uf3fDDUUwfUUfUUwUfwwDDU3 D33"3D3U33f3UffwfUf̪̙D ݻ̙ ̻ݻ̪ݻ̙̪77773 n)nBBgHx9HlN,0,N^NuNVA)H )n v)nJBgHx%HlN0,N^NuNVA)H n BgHx:HlN0,N^NuNVA)H n BgHx;HlN0,N^NuNV)nn n)nr)nB)nn)nF)n "BgHẍ̻̪̻wDUDwf3wf DUUwfUDU$2̻ݻww""wwwUwfUUUDfwU3DUwUDfDU3fUwUDffDwD3"DD33D"D3DfUDDwUwf"3fffUfw ݻ ̪UIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 33 33AAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::999999888888777777666666555555444444333333222222111111000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))ݻ̪fݪݻݪݪw̻ݪ̪U3D3DfffwDDfU3DfUUfW$"Dwf3UwfffUUwf3w3UwwUDDfwwwD3fUUwU3"3fUUwU3UUfUfUUwfww3DDfU33U3Dwf 7777nediumNovarese MediumItalicNovarese UltraO Eurostile ObliqueO Futura ObliqueOptimaP Bodoni PosterPalatinoPublicity Gothic ICG OutPublicity Gothic ICG Solid Quirks IC̻̈%ww̻̪̪ݙf̻̻ݻݻ̻w̪̪̪f̻̙ ̻33DDfUwDfwfUU33D3DfUU=$fw̪wffffUDffU3fDfUf3UDD3wfUwUfU3U3U"3w#34 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan'2&3 0!)"ikj0vf˰%i0kj0fˀi`kj03]339]fPland wasnt usable for crops anyway 141 70 92 educational purposes 143 93 67 good public relations for me 177 81 43 financially profitable 216 54 32d (AML) Reclamation Project, were designed to address the health, safety, and environmental problems caused by an abandoned strip mined coal site south of Red Rock Reservoir in Marion County. The Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 established a federal tax on current coal production, which funds the state-administered AML program. Each AML project must have an environmental assessment that includes a wetland delineation by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. A total of 3.7 acres of ponds and wetlands were initially delineated on the Poffenbarger site. These were mitigated by the creation of 10 acres of new wetlands. The extra acreage was not required, but designed due to uncertainties about establishing a viable wetland in treated acidicwD3D3UDUUwfwDwffUDDUDf̻ݻ wf̈w ̻̻ ݪ̻ݻfݻ̻&̪̻̻̪̻̻̻̻'̙w̪̙wffUwDDffDDUDUDL"0DUDfUfwffUfwUDU33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""1fUfUDfUwwUDUfDfDw UDDUfDDUDfDU"3DDfU wUDfff""33fDUwDwfwDfw̻ݻU̪ݻ ̻ ̙ݻ̻݈̙www"̪̻fD3w3"ffDDw3UU3W(9Df̻fDwfDwwUwwwwwDfDwUwDUDDffwD3Uw33UUDfw4UDfU"UDffUDUwffw3UDfDffDUDfDDfUfUfDDffUfݻ̪ݻ̪ݙ̻ .̻̻̻̙̪̻ݻ̻fD̙( VpV0]TP-VpBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBBB B#B.B1Bww3DU""DDUfw"3wUfUUwUDwwDDDffD3Dfw3DfUDUUDU3UDD"DffUUf̻̻fD̪ݻݻݻ̻+ usually as close to the original impact site as possible. Mitigation banking, a form of compensatory mitigation, provides an alternative to on-site mitigation, which is not always be practical or even possible. Wetland mitigation bank sponsors, who may be public or private, restore or create wetlands in order to generate units of wetland credit. These units can then be purchased by clients (individuals, businesses, or public entities) proposing to impact a wetland, who need to obtain wetland credits repre̪̻̻̙fݪ ̻fffUfUw3UwfD"h"fwwwfwfUww݈wwwwfDfwwDw3wUUDUfUwfDw"DUfUfUffw"ffUf3U 33Dw3DfUDD3Ufw3D"3 U3DffDwfݻww̙-senting similar wetland functions and values to satisfy federal permit or program requirements. Mitigation and especially mitigation banking are relatively new approaches, which are evolving in policy and practice. They have been identified as a partial a ݻݻݙ ̪̈'̪fDD"wwwDUDfDUUUff33cwIf̙̪f3wffUDUUD"Uf3DUwD3DDffU"UfwUfffUUwfUfDfUf*Dff3ffw"UUfDUDD3fwf"33wwUDw3wUD2 spoil materials. The performance of the wetland plantings and seeding on this site has far exceeded the requirements, and migratory waterfowl were using the wetlands within the first season after planting in 1995. In addition, water quality has remained ederal permits for the discharge of dredge or fill material into waters of the United States, including wetlands. This law is administered by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, in cooperation with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and other agenciestion of wetland in relationship to other water bodies Location of wetland relative to water table, fluctuations in water table, geology ((ncluding type and depth and permeability), size of wetland depth. Aquifer storage capacity, groundwater flow, runoff wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""EE 3݈wwwwݪUUff̙̻̻wDݙ̪fUwwwfwfUwDffww$#ݙw̻wwfDwfwUwD"+UD3wU3UwwD33fUUwUff3ww̙fwfwwfD8BI&$7   ǀ  ƀwẁ !"#w$%&'π*+-@.01Ȁ2ɀ39lled situations for water quality experiments. They help answer questions, such as which pollutants wetlands can most effectively treat, what level of treatment can be expected, and the most effective sites and/or designs. Studies at the Ames site and otSource: Julia Badenhope, Iowa State University, Adapted from Toth, 1971??????????lNMI U&Ĝ s$9}?Yp r @@) !!%%$ffUUf3fDUD3UDU fwwDU3"DDU fDDwݻ̻ww$fwfDU3Dݻfݻ̻fݙfww̻f3wUẅ&̙wwwwfUfwf"DfUwDwD:ǀ4ɀ5À6Ā7w8w9р>?@AwBGIJKwLÀMNOۀQ݀R̀T̀UwVӀWXڀYۀZ؀[ۀ\];fDDfLwwff"3Dwwwwfw33D"wUw3D3ffDU33ffwwfwfDwUwfUDUf̪wݻݙ̙wwfwwUDww݈ݪU̻3ݻݻw UD3wwwwf!$n^w_w`b΀cπd̀eπfghwikmnpqrwstˀv̀wˀx̀z{|w}݀`̀wwBSource: Adapted from Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 19944 and Thompson, 1997..??????????????????c3*eFp7c2ff33̙ff33Table 4-2 Iowans perceptions of environmental problems s 33Yژ:Nܳ33f*Y瘠:N鳓"ffqY:N:wDf̙̈wfUfUU33UfwfwUfDDfwwfwwfDU3ff̪Uf3"3D3U3fDUD3UD"3fDw"DfUfUDUwUfwD"wݙ ݙ.ݪfwwffwwww̻̻3f̪'ݻUwff"DfUUC(̪wwDU3D3DU33wfUUwffwUf#"fDUDDwfwwwDUwfUwf"UU̪wUDUfD33"fUwU3"UDD33wfD"3Ufwwf ̪ݻ݈ݻ̪M̻wݻ̙̈wDw̻wݙ̻fwwwDD3"f3U"Uww ̙̪wI(.w̪DDf3DfDDUff"wwffwfwfU3DUUDU>fDfUwffww"DUDUUwf3D"wwfDf3U3UDUfDffU""3UDDffwUwUDf ffw̻!UUDwwD""w wf̙fwUݙww̪wwff ̻wfUfUfUfD33"DfwUw3UwwDw~)̙̪wwDwwffUwffwDffwUf%wwwffUDwff3DffDfw̪fUUfUf3DwU3D3DUUfU"D33wDDU"UUDfwwfDwDfwwUwffe e@e72  1,  $#!0!Z`Efwww w̻ffݙ̪4fwDwfw̙3DwDwwwDU"ffUw̻̻UDݻݻwwUwU fwwU"3fDw"3DU3f3wwI( DwUw#Df3UfUfUfwwfwfwDDffwwDwwD3fUfUU3U3DUfw3ffDUD"U3DDwUfwDffDwwwffffwwU wwfwݻwffUfwfwww̻wUDUffUwwwU̙̙fwffU̻ẅUDfUDf3DUfD3UwfwDU"DwfwUUQ*]wfff"DUDDwwffwfwwfwf Ā7w8w9р>?@AwBGIJKwLÀMNOۀQ݀R̀T̀UwVӀWXڀYۀZ؀[ۀ\]sL$<sL$sLs$$LsL̀mnpqrwstˀv̀wˀx̀z{|w}݀`̀wwm<mmmm  $#!0!Z` }3>LW_&0mv^܀ڀ׀ɀʀL@@  "#>Ԁ~0}/|v ucb,a`_^)X&W)V$R!QɀJFD=;Figure 4-2 Hydrologic processes affecting wetlands reationnWetlands and riparian areas are an integral part of the hydrologic system. Depending on many factors, including geology, soils, and climate, wetlands may act ad/or discharge areas for water in t66a a a 4baHHnlff33̙ff33nff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""aa     !#%!"#CZYWYPVUOTWZA=F׈ډӌٍݎݏՐՑ}  ʜ  ơѡɢΣۣͣФͤŤ ӥۥ٦ɦ{wsjopjbdhad^ba`\\Q_W]QTVV[WV\^U Q R P L NIPOPONPM K K @CB C B@?> >869 ;$8:6  76/: >"#1 1/ 0 11.018ESD C L R  (Q 3P`M)[,+'++*&)" !$*#|{Sd_83f3zxx}zyTy}y|yyzzyz~aTv)os3Rzzzzz|z}^zzz~baHHnlff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""aa$  her locations in Iowa are primarily focusing on design criteria for nitrate and pesticide removal. The area of wetlands needed depends on water quality goals. Initial findings indicate that strategically located wetlands occupying less than 1 percent of ̪UfUwUwwDU̙w3ffwUfDUU33D3"ffUfUUff3fD"3"fw3fUDwUwDffwUU3 fww*ݪw̻3w"UDwUUfwfwUwwݻUw3U3U3UUUfwDwfw"̻wwfwU33DwݪUfffwUD "fff3""DwwwwwUfwwwfwfB X**ҀԀ!~Jff3D33fUwwUfwUfwwwUfUwwwffUf/$/-9;?tq HL4UUf3DD3DDD3U"fDU3"DUU"3ffwwwwffDUf"DwwDwfUfD"3f3wfUf f3fwf3ݻf U̻fwwwwU3DUUUD3DfDwfw3wff3UUDfUDwwfwfUfff̻DUUDUffw3DUUffwUUDfUDw'wfwwUUww̙fff(&)A?C368;KContinued from previous pageMVVVVVV. The Corps can impose certain conditions, including mitigation, as part of the permit approval. According to the Clean Water Act (CWA) Section 404 (b)(1) Guidelines and an associated Memorandum of Agreement (MOA), there are three steps that must be follo ;-AFԀY<ԀYԀYYԀԀ ))) ) :,):*-0UxxUXQBK'ffZQGau BB  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXY$m  z Z[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~~~~~~~}}}}}}||||||{{{{{{zzzzzzyyyyyyxxxxxxwwwwwwvvvvvvuuuuuuttttttssssssrrrrrrqqqqqqppppppoooooonnnnnnmmmmmmllllllkkkkkkjjjjjjiiiiiihhhhhhggggggffffffeeeeeeddddddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa``````______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGrcent or more. Cooperators on this research include Iowa State University and the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship Division of Soil Conservation. ]?<OIIs0U€ pҀԀ!~J>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::999999888888777777666666555555444444333333222222111111000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNO''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!!  PQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmno&&%wwffUfwfUDUDUD̙wD@fwwUDffwffUUwUfDwwfD"UU33U3UUfwUDD3D3DUD3fDwwfwfU"DU3fUDUfDUUD3UDwDff3'wwUwUݻfUݻ3fwDwfUUD3DUwU !#%!"Photo: Iowa State University Department of Botany Wetlands research answers water quality questions Wetlands have been shown to be provide water quality benefits. These mesocosms, or constructed mini-wetlands, at a research site near Ames provide controoendangered, threatened, or of special concern are associated with wetlands and riparian areas. The Blandings turtle shown here, photographed in southeast Iowa, is more terrestrial than most of Iowas other aquatic turtles. In Iowa, the species is mostly restricted to areas near marshes and sloughs or quiet river bays where the water is less than four feet deep and emergent vegetation is dense. Populations are scattered throughout the state, except for the southwest. The species is not presently conside  red threatened or endangered, but is of federal special concern because it is declining as its habitat is being destroyed. The liverwort plant pictured here was also recently found in Wapello County, in a small seep area with wet meadow-type plants that has been slated for development. This plant had never before been identified in Iowa, nor anywhere else west of the Appalachians. This makes it a remarkable botanical find; scientifically important for what it may teach about historical distribution patterns of plants. 3 33 3 3#Cpqrstuvwxyz{|}~~~~~~~}}}}}}||||||{{{{{{zzzzzzyyyyyyxxxxxxwwwwwwvvvvvvuuuuuuttttttssssssrrrrrrqqqqqqwfD "DUUwDwUD3UADfU3"D3Ufw3U"DDUwUUU"UU3UfwDwwfD""Uwwfw3D3wwffwwww̻"3w̪Y&wU"wfwUwfwU9wfUfwDwwwDwUwfwfwffDDUDD"3wffUwDU"U"DDUDU3UffwUw3Uf""D3wfDfDw3DUfwPhoto: Dick Slattery/Office of State Archaeologist, University of Iowa Cultural resources often found near wetlands, waterways Both American Indians and European settlers often located near riparian areas where water and food were readily available. HeUfUDf̪wwf̙UUwf3UD3UDwwfUwDUwUwDff33UDDU"63D"UDf"33U33D3UUDfwDwwUwfUDDUUfwU33Uf'wwfwwfwfwffDUf+ UfwUUw̙wUDUww3UDw3UUf+fUDUUUwwfwUfD"UUDUw3"DUZYWre, archeologists and students excavate a site along the Iowa River in Louisa County where remnants of historic and prehistoric cultures have been found. The cultural and ecological richness of wetlands and riparian areas can sometimes provide tourism opportunities, as it has with the nearby Toolesboro Mounds site, which is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Today, real estate developments that feature streams, wetlands, and ponds as amenities can command premium prices. YPVUOTWZ>>ppppppoooooonnnnnnmmmmmmllllllkkkkkkjjjjjjiiiiiihhhhhhggggggffffffeeeeeeddddddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa``````______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQ7777O`ff\ 7b\ 7b\7\ \ 11 \07b \ A=F׈ډ<?Ik ӌ    DUf3ffD"UwfUUDDwfUwDfUUffwUw,Uff݈Uff̻fUf3wfU3U33DU3UU3wwfwDD"fU3.U3ww"DUfUUfwUwUDD33D3DD33DD"D3""fwfDwUfwwUww3D3D3DUUwwfwwwwwfwf3w3U*wDwfUfwUUwwUDfU ̻3fDfwffUDDU3DIwffDUUfwDfDf3D3UUDD3"3wf3wUwww3wU3"wwfDwUww3UUw3UfwfUU f33UDfUw&DD3fUfUfDU3wwfU"33""D3U"fU33"3D3DUwUfUU3DUUD*""3"3fUD"3D3"3UwfwfDwUwU3"UD3wfU3UfwUwwfwDwUwUwfDU fD#$w3DUDUwwwfUfUwfwwUffUf3w3wDfDwUDfDU3DUD3U"D3DDwDf33DDUDUwfwwwfDf̈UwwUDfwD3UUDfffHwfwwUwD"wffU"DfD3wwwfU3D3Ufw"3""3wDD3UU3DfU"DD"D3"fffD3wfD U"Df33U3"D""DfDDUU̻ffD3UfUfwfUDfUf ̻fwfwfwDU wU'wwDDwUffUDfDUwDUUfDUwUUfwffUffUw"ẅU3fD.U33U"3UU3UU""fwUfDfwfwf3Dff3U3Df3DwDfU fUDfwUf wU33UfD"UwUwDUww"3Uffwfw"U3D"D""UD"33ffDUU""D3DDUD     43D3D3D"D3fD""3"3UfD3U33UD"3fUwfwwUDwwfwDfww̪̪wfwfwD wfDDU̻w"+ UUffUUffwwU3UUfUwUUDfU3DUDUfUfwwUUfwwwB3f3f"fD"f"UD3"Dw"D3UUww3fwUUffw3"DDf3wwDfDfw3UݪfD5̙w"D"D3"33UfDUٍ   ݎݏՐJD3"DfU"D3fwUU""3D33DD3ffUD"3fwD3UU3UDD33"3"fwD"D3 DDwwffww3"UDDUDfwwffwUU'fwwDw̙UfUfwfffwUfwwDUUwA'$wwU3fUwwUfUfUfwfUUDfUfDUDUDUDUfUwUDfUfwfUwwwfw3 "D"U3"3U3DU-fD3UwUݻDDUD3""""UUՑIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 35^NuNVA)H )n B9nBgHx8HlNZ0,N^NuNVA)H )n n)nBBgHx9HlN,0,N^NuNVA)H )n v)nJBgHx%HlN0,N^NuNVA)H n BgHx:HlN0,N^NuNVA)H n Bg*w33ffww3UU̙DDfUwDwUD"3DfU3UfDUU3""D3"w33UU3UDU3DD343U3""3D3wf3DfD3fwfUfUDfUfUU33DfUw""UwffUfUwwfU3DDwwww wfDfwfUwfwfw3U"Uw 'Uf UffwwfUfUffUfU3DUUfDUDfU%ffUfwfw̪Uwwfwwf"S J    2             -)9  0            "'E= ڍ   *  ݍzx ,1Z T     P   , /M@  " ]       !} "+NZ   A    =     ("7=G    @      +(9A\ ۍ G $G%  &  @WWȍ     i    & -K[  ύ :8    //+B4ԍ    ٍ        T O FEHHmff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""EE$ BI&$) !!%%$& #*&=59E;1-. /$/-9;?tq HLA?C368;K;-AFGau m  z]?<OIIsm  >><?Ik            JS J    2             -)9  0            "'E= ڍ   *  ݍzx ,1Z T     P   , /M@  " ]       !} "+NZ   A    =     ("7=G    @      +(9A\ ۍ G $G%  &  @WWȍ     i    & -K[  ύ :8    //+B4ԍ    ٍ        T O Aϔݕ;YޗiSource: Adapted from Kusler and Opheim, 1996 (2nd edition). Reprinted with permission from the Environmental Law Institute, Washington, D.C. h N B ^+8>?8?8?8???/??????????bj@/including type and depth and permeability), size of wetland depth. Aquifer storage capacity, groundwater flow, runoff retention measuresff33ff33̙ff33DUDU3"UU"3/DUU"3"3f"Uf33UfwffffD3UUfff"UDUwDD"3UUDDfwTD3"D"DUD"UUDff333D3DDfD"f"3D3"DDD3DD3UfU3fU3U3f3"3UDUD3DUfUwUU3wU33Dffw wffUfwwUDwDfDwwfwUfDDD3f" UUffwUfUfUfUfUfUfUfUDfUEffUfU3ff̈w"DU3fwfwUD"DfDU"fww3DUD3"DwU3"DU̙""DwUwf̪UUD3Dff&w3ffDUD3DDU"DUfD3"DD3UD3UDwwDD33" D"DDD33D3 ""D"3"DffD$ffUwwDwDwD"DDfwwwU3UDf3U"ff3DwD3Uf wwffwDffwDUfDUffwffUUfwfDwDU3U"DfUUfUUfUfUfDDUfwfUDffUfwwwffUwwfwfU3DfwUU3DUwfD UffUD3"DD"DUDwUUwffDfU3"f"Dwf3fwwfUD.f3fUwUwwD"""DDfffD3DU""w"DfUD3"3"33UDfUA"3"DwDf33UfUw"wfD"D3fD3UDD3DffwfU3DU"3DfUUwpw3w"f"UfDUwDfD3U33DDffUfUUDDUw"(fffUffUUDDUfUfUUDwUffUUfUfDf wUUw3wfwJffwwfw3DUUD3DwwDwU3wUfUwDwUUfD3ffUUDfU33wf33""3DDfDwDU"3UDD)ffDwfUUwwUDU3fUD"Dfw3wU3DU3D33wDU"D3D3"3"UDDf3D3U"Table 4-1 Wetland functions (Riparian areas perform many similar functions.).))   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are not included in this list Sources: Pearson, person. commun., 1997, and Iowa Natural Resources Commission, 19944.ggQaQaPQaNhh  BB OOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::9999998888887777776666665555554444443333332222221111110000*Based on a national survey of 305 participants in the Wetland Reserve Program Source: Pease et al., 19977 ,OjjP)6xjPj )6x@jP@@@@@@@@@@@@00//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!!  # "D3D3D3"D3"D"3J! U3D3D3"3D3Dn3wed in sequence: avoidance, minimization, and compensatory mitigation. In other words, first, wetland impacts must be avoided. Second, remaining impacts must be minimized. Third, unavoidable impacts must be compensated. The wetland conservation provisio0?00 0|$d<P$$$$ $<,P0$$$$ Source: Adapted from Vaught and Bowmaster, 1983W]0WvvT W]0> >??Tz;z3{3{4;<<4T W WXW]0WW\WXW\p0ȸTvTvT T> ?Tz;3Wetlands provide unique habitats to rare and threatened species Conservation of wetlands and riparian areas is important to help preserve Iowas native biodiversity. Over 100 of Iowas animal and plant species recognized as being s recognized as being Photos: Lynette Seigley (above); Carol Thompson (inset)` !(! 3DUUD"3DUUDnUDContinued on next pages page_P,P_`x5_P"U{{||{{||#|01|5_ `_+_`dA_P"UUVV{o increase agricultural commodity production. (See Appendix B.) Opportunities for mitigation under Swampbuster were expanded iio increase agricultural commodity production. (ee Appendix B). Opportunities for mitigation under Swampbuster were expanded ,.# 3UDfU3DDUrDD""DD""+.#"DUfUUDDUUDfDU3"D3333"!0""3UfDD3DfDfUnD3"""3""3!"3U f3"3UDUfUUDUDU D"DD3"D! DUffD33UffDU/D333""D33D3*   DUffUfUDUffwUUf Uff3 "D""" "3"""3f3D/33D")""DDUffUwfUUwffDffU333"3UD33"3D3D3D33D3"33"DU4DD3"33DD"+*UDffwfUfUD"UD3"fUDU DDUDUU3U33UD UDDU3DD3"DU8D3DUUfDU3UU3""&" U33UfUUfUDfD33DUDfU""DUffU DUDUDUDDU3"U3 U3fDfUUffDf1UDDU"$+!D3"fUffDfwfUfUD3DUD""DUwUU3DU3DfUUfUUDUDUD"3DDUU"U9ffwffwUDfUU"3""3"3""" U3DUUwffUDDffUfU"D""DD ""3UDDffUUffDDUfUUDUDUD "DUDUDU3fU8DUfUw33w3wUD3D"U3""""3-E( fUfUUfUDU3UUD3f3""DUffUffUwUfwffUfwfwfUDUDUUDUDUfUUfUfUffUfU"UDUDU(wD""DDU33ns in farm legislation, known as Swampbuster, may also require mitigation for activities affecting wetlands on agricultural lands. However, Swampbuster does not mandate the same sequence of avoidance, minimization, and compensation outlined in the Clean Wn amendments in the 1996 Federal Agricultural Improvement and Reform Act (FAIRA), which also authorized development of a pilot program to explore the feasibility of mitigation banks. A general framework to support a wetland mitigation banking system has "3UfwUwfwfUwfwDD33"33wUffUffwUwfUUwfDUDf3UfUDf3UUfUDDwf3DUfUU3UwDD3UU"UD3&$UffUfwUfUwUfUfDDfU""fUDwfwfwfwfUfUDfU DUUfUUfDffwffwfUwfwwfUwUfUff"DDU 33,,ffUwfwTable 4-4 Relative importance of landowners reasons for restoring wetlands**=305)5) _߭fwUwUf3UD3Dw3UDUffwfwffwfUUfUfUfDUffUfwf9UwfwffwffwffwUfff"UUfD33"$%UUffwUfUfUwU3Uf33""UUffUfwwUfUUwfUfwfwwfwUfDfUfwwUffUffUwwfwfwUDDUUDfUfU3" fUfUUfUwUUfUDU""DDfUwfUffUfwfwwfUfUfDffUUfUUfUUDUwffwfwfwfUf3"3DUDU!3"3banks suggests expanded interest in this approach, it will take time to gauge success. The poor performance of many on-site mitigations has helped garner support for banking, which has potential to improve mitigations record by improving planning, and infwfUwUfwfUfUfDfDUffU""3UUwfUw ffwwwUwUDfwfUffwfwffUUfUUwwfwffwf"3fU3"UU3!fwfwwUwfUf DfUwfD""3UfwffwwfwwwffwfwwfUfwffUwffwwDwfwfwfwfwUUff33"DU"fU333"$ wwffwwfwUfwwfDUUfUfwwf wwwfff wwffffwffwwfwfwwwfUfwfwUUU3 "3D""" f(%%wfwUffwffwffUfwfwfUwfUfwfwfwfUwffwfw ffwwfwwwfwwfwfwfwwwfwwfDDU3UD""3"D3DUD3D3""&(wwfwfwfwUwfwffwwfwffwwwwwwwwwwwwfwfwfwfww wffD"33"3"3UwDU"UU3"3"&wfwffwwfwfUfUfwfUwfUwfwwfUfwwwwfwfwwfwwww,f"D"f""D3""3fDUDUUf33"3"" wffwwfwwfwffwfwfUwfwwfwfwwfwwwwwwfwwwwfwwfww wfUf3"ff""D 3U""33DUD"3"wwwffwwfwfwwwfwwfwfwwwwwwwfwwwwwfwfwfwfwwfwwDUDDUDD"w3UDUD3f"" wfwwwwwfwfw9wwfffwwfwwwwfwwwwwwwfwwwwwwffUDUw33U3Uf3""""")wwwwwwwwwwwfwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwwfwfwUwfwwU33fU"3U3""""""3",*fwwwwfwffwffwwffww wwwwww wwwwwwwwwwfwfwwfUU""UUDU""f3"^3"33"D333"D"U3 &w fwwwwwffwwfwwfwwwfww fwwwwwwwww wwwwfwfwU3"3ffUDD33"3""33""3 DD3D33"33D""U3&"fwwfww wwwfwfwwffwwwfwwwffwwwww.wwwwwwwUwwUfUff3UDUDD3""D3D33D3D UU3D3U3wffwwwwfwwwwwwwwwUwfwww wwwwwwfDUfUD3wUDDU3D3D33D3D3D33D33DDUDUDDUD3 wwwwwwwwwwww wwwwfww wwfwwwwwfwDDfDUU""""33D3D3D3DUUDUU"&$ww#wwwwwwwwww wwwwwwffww""33""3 "3D3D3DD33D3DUDDUDUf3&&wwwwwwffwwwwwwfwU"""33D33D3U3D3UDUDUfUfUD,* ww wwwwwwwffDDwwwfUU""33"D3D3D3DUDUDUf3.- wwfwfwwwwwwwwwwwwUfUwfUwff"3wff"""y""3D3DUDUDDUfUfUf3(wfwfwwwwwwwwDwU3$fwD"Uf33"""р<ррррsioner, has restored another wetland area, and he and his wife, Kathy, are currently converting a river bottom pasture to a wooded riparian area. According to "3""D"""33D3DUUDU DUffUUfU3 ! ww wfwwwww0fffwUUfw"wUw33fU"""""3D3D3D33D3D3DUDUUDU fDUUfUwUf3  wwwfwwwww"w3UwUfUUfU"3pw11000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!! 3"3D3D3DD3UDUDUDUfUwffw"""wwwDfUUf3 !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~~~~~~~}}}}}}||||||{{{{{{zzzzzzyyyyyyxxxxxxwwwwwwvvvvvvuuuuuuttttttssssssrrrrrrqqqqqqppppppoooooonnnnnnmmmmmmllllllkkkkkkjjjjjjiiiiiihhhhhhggggggffffffeeeeeeddddddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa``````______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::999999888888777777666666555555444444333333222222111111000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!!  |nswer to controversies over wetland protection, property rights, and federal and state goals to achieve no-net-loss of wetlands (Zinn, 1997). Two federal laws often require wetland mitigation. (See Chapter 4.). Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requiresn"3" D3D3DUDDUDDD UDDUDUDDUUDUfU ffwUUfwf3(& 6wwwwwwww wwffD3"J "33D3DD3U3UDUDDUDUfUUwfwUw3(+ wwwyQQQQPPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::999999888888777777666666555555444444333333222222"""""""""""""""" 3""3""3"3"33"3?"""""""""""""""""""""""""""33"3"3"3"3"3"3F""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""3"3"3"3"33"3< """""""""""""""""""""""""""""3"3"3"3""3"D7t """""""111111000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!! mwUwUDU"Db3"D3D3D3D3DUDDUDDUDD3UDDUDUfUfUwwfwD&* ww www ,ffwfUD3"U""^"D3D3D3DD3UDUDUDUDUDDUDDUfwffwfwf wwfwwD&%w wwww wfDD3D""]"33""D3D3D3U3DUUDUDUD UDUUfUffwfwwwwD#& wfww ffwwfD3"nfwU"""3"3""DD33DUD3DUDDDU3DDUwffUfwffw wwD*(ww 3ff3""3""wP"33"D3D"33D3D3DUDUDDUDUfUffUwDwffwwfwwr""""""""""""""""3"3"3"3"3"3H"""""""""""""""" """"""""""3"3" 3""3"33"33>{"""hs<ssssnts, and a wildlife observation deck. In doing so, the utility is turning potential problems related to flooding and water quality into an opportunity to creatD.- w fwffU3""D3"3" """ 3̙"   3"3"3D33D3"D3DDUDDUDUDUDUDUUffUfwUfUffwwfwUww380ww wwwf3UDDD33D3D33""""3""3" " ""3""D3D3D3D3DD3D UDDUUDDUUDZinn, 1997). Two federal laws often require wetland mitigation. (See Chapter 4.) Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires ffBfBfBf8J8f?<e3 PeC@e2 @eC@$e2creasing available financial and technical resources for development, management, and monitoring. Economies of scale mean that average per-acre costs of mitigation tend to decrease as the site size increases. Especially in some more urbanized areas, mitigation banks may be able to provide higher quality wetlands with greater resource values than small, on-site mitigation projects that are unconnected to each other or other similar habitats. There are, however, concerns about mitigation banking and its immplications for wetland conservation. Opponents are concerned that it will become a loophole encouraging additional wetland destruction, that some types of wetlands are difficult or impossible to adequately or fully restore, and that wetland losses are often allowed before a mitigation bank is functional. Wetland systems have evolved over many years, with animal and plant communities that reflect precise relationships between wet and dry conditions. Studies indicate that it is often difficult or impossible to re-establish or replicate these complex systems, especially in a short time period. Because of these problems, impact avoidance is widely viewed as the best policy for protecting wetlands, especially those with high ecological values. However, many think that the greater flexibility associated with mitigation and mitigation banking is appropriate for sites of lower quality. Wetla some of the functions of wetlands and riparian arpb@e nH pR(&R(& tch and Fridgen, 1998). 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