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Wetlands and riparian areas management, and their destruction or conservation, pWetlands and riparian areas are transition zones between open water and dry land. The Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan presents definitions of wetlands and riparian areas that are wideinitions of wetlands and riparian areas that are widely used and/or have been adopted for use by state and federal agencies. Since the Plan is non-regulatory in nature, it does not rely on or impose a specific legal or programmatic definition. Wetlands Common names of wetlands reflect their diversity, and include swamps, marshes, bogs, potholes, bottomlands, sloughs, fens, seeps, wet meadows, and oxbows. Soils on these areas tend to be poorly drained (except for riverine wetlands that often have a sandy substrate), saturated, and seasonally inundated. These conditions favor growth of hydrophytic (water-loving) plant species, but hinder growth of plant species that require drier sites and well-drained soils. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS), at the request of Congress, conducted a study of wetlands anNationwide, wetlands and riparian areas are prominent parts of local, state, and federal natural resource programs and controversies. Private and public interests are at stake as decisions are made to destroy or to protect and restore wetlands and ripaad their definitions (National Research Council, 1995b). That report titled, Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries, defines a wetland as: an ecosystem that depends on constant or recurrent, shallow inundation or saturation at or near the surface of the substrate. The minimum essential characteristics of a wetland are recurrent, sustained inundation or saturation at or near the surface and the presence of physical, chemical and biological features of recurrent sustained inundation or saturation. AccRvR ?R `and 3) biota - hydric vegetation was found to be the most reliable indicator, but algae and animals might also be justifiable wetland indicators. A broader definition was developed recently for Iowa that emphasizes the connections between wetlands and aquatic and riparian ecosystems: Wetlands are low areas where water stands or flows continuously or periodically .... They are referred to as swamps, sloughs, marshes, potholes, lakes, bogs, wet meadows and seeps. Most definitions of wetlands refer only too shallow water areas with vegetation. Our definition includes lakes, rivers, river oxbows, overflow areas, and human-made waterbodies. This non-regulatory definition was developed by the Ecological Technical Committee of the Iowa Comparative Risk AssAssessment Project, a two-year project lead by the Iowa Department of Natural Resources, with wide input from citizens and technical experts (draft report slated for final approval in 1998). In the federal regulatory arena, there are two major definitions, w1  ,.;<=>?@BCDEFGHIJKMOY^rt66#$&E#6 F   lhich are similar. The first definition from the 1987 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USCOE) Wetlands Delineation Manual (33 CFR 328.3) is also used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to administer the dredge and fill permitting program under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (40 CFR 230.3): Those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs and similar areas. The second federal definition comes from the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) National Food Security Act Manual (1988), which use_ _`)n NBgHx_`_+p`__+@`_    s the following regulatory wetland definition to determine compliance with the wetlands conservation provisions in the Farm Bill, commonly known as Swampbuster: Wetlands are lands that: (i) have a predominance of hydric soil; (ii) are inundated or saturated by surface water or groundwater at a frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of hydrophytic vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions; and (iii) under normal circumstances do support a prevalence of hydrophyt  E " `s. Much of this controversy has happened because of different interpretations, and because the laws that apply to wetlands have different purposes and apply in different kinds of circumstances (see Appendix B). Also, the laws generally apply not just to pristine wetlands, but to areas that have been manipulated by human activities, as long as they still exhibit the required wetland characteristics. Nearly all wetlands in the state of Iowa have been altered in some way as a result of human activities. The process of delineating wetlands is sometimes confused with defining them, but delineation has a different meaning that refers to determining the boundary of a wetland in a specific location. Delineation can be difficult because wetlands occupy a zone (( ( (between wetter and drier areas, and the extent and degree of wetness depends on factors such as weather and time of year. Conducting wetland delineations requires specific technical training. Riparian Areas Riparian areas are the zones along water bodies A   that serve as interfaces between terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, the term riparian is derived from the Latin word ripa meaning river bank (Montgomery, 1996). According to the USDA Natural Resources Con0  0iOO e balance between conservation of wetlands and riparian areas in Iowa and their conversion to other uses, and to proceed in a way that makes the best use of public and private resources. There are already a growing number of conservation efforts underway aimed at preserving and restoring the functions of wetlands and riparian areas for wildlife habitat, water quality, flood control, and recreation. Many landowners are interested and enthusiastic about participating in these voluntary programs. Restored a6666!('**" $19./*%("       #%(("&-6)$!&$$%(!-,&!#""-0),*/:60&$&394!%('5Rgv}uŤ̴n[L87?H_Ľnd even created wetlands are beginning to dot the landscape. In addition, scientists and economists now have better data about these types of areas, how they function, and their value to society. However, Iowa has lost 89 to 95 percent of its original wet60666ڿland resources one of the highest rates of loss nationwide (see Chapter 3). Riparian areas have also undergone extensive change and degradation. There are varied reasons for these changes, and in many cases, the changes in the landscape have benefited  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopcted before the final versions are released. NWI data were used in this Plan for county and regional summaries of Iowa wetlands and riparian areas, not for detailed mapping, site assessment, or iparian areas, not for detailed mapping, site assessment, or A.) The chapter also describes some of the natural and historic influences on wetlands and riparian areas in the state. Wetlands and riparian areas are some of the many ecosystems that are found in Iowa. An ecosystem can be descriican be describe descriqrstuvwxyz{|}~~~~~~~}}}}}}||||||{{{{{{zzzzzzyyyyyyxxxxxxwwwwwwvvvvvvuuuuuuttttttssssssrrrrrrqqqqqqppppbed as a biological community interacting with its nonliving environment. As Iowas woodlands, prairies, wetlands, and waterways became established, a variety of plants and animals became adapted to the special, evolving characteristics of each ecosystem the climate, soils, topography, and moisture that made each a special place (Iowa Association of Naturalists, 1993a). Landform and drainage are two major factors that affect the development of landscape patterns, and the types and locations of ecosystemsIowans and the states economy. Yet there are costs, too. These areas are places of natural beauty and diversity that add richness to the landscape. Some value them on that basis alone, but for many practical-minded Iowans, appreciation has been fostere, including wetlands and riparian areas. (See Appendix A.) Though landform and drainage vary from place to place, there are similarities within regions, which create similarities in wetland and riparian types. Seven landform regions have been described and mapped in Iowa (Prior, 1991). (Figure 3-1.) Drainage, which affects water regime, or hydrology, is a key feature used to classify wetlands ecologically. Types of wetlands Wildlife biologists and other wetland scientists have devised a number of systeed by a growing understanding of the functions and potential functions of these areas, including protection of water quality and prevention of flooding. As these functions become better understood, the need to protect them becomes more compelling. The Process The need for a state wetlands conservation plan grew out of an awareness that some aspects of the states wetlands management programs needed improvement, and that an umbrella policy could serve as a framework to help link the efforts of different conservation partners and provide more guidance for administering wetlands programs, staff, and budgets. It soon became clear that riparian lands should be included as well, due to their frequent connections with wetlands on the landscape and also in poolicy. The Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan represents a two-year process aimed at developing that framework. Out of that process a comprehensive vision document has been crafted to guide state activities. It builds on existing soil andording to the NAS, three factors characterize a wetland: 1) water - saturated for a minimum of 14 days during the growing season imost years; 2) substrate - hydric soils and some hydric areas that are not classified as soils, such as the bottoms of riversms to classify wetlands and their ecosystems. Any such system involves artificially dividing what is really a continuum; hence, some wetlands will seem to fall between categories and may be judged differently by different systems or scientists. In most cotentially affect the quality of life of all Iowans. Because of the importance of wetlands and riparian areas for long-term environmental quality and for agriculture, the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship's Division of Soil Conservation (DSC) accepted responsibility to administer this project, working closely with the other state and federal agencies that have interests in wetlands and riparian issues, with educational and research organizations, and with a Public Advisory Group that reprases, this apparent discrepancy is not serious, and any one person will be fairly consistent in using a system (Weller, 1994). Systems that have been used to describe Iowa wetlands primarily reflect conditions in glaciated midwestern states, and depend largely on characterization of vegetation, water depth, and hydroperiod (Bishop and van der Valk, 1982; Stewart and Kantrud, 1971; Shaw and Fredine, 1956). One developed specifically for Iowa is Lammers and van der Valk (1978), which describes vegetation inesented a wide diversity of Iowans. Technical assistance was provided by the Iowa State University (ISU) Landscape Architecture Department and others. Funding was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). (For more information on the n most years; 2) substrate - hydric soils and some hydric areas that are not classified as soils, such as the bottoms of rivers; @@ter-lilies, water milfoil, coontail, and pondweeds. Marshes consist of shallow areas of lakes and ponds, potholes, and poorly drained river floodplains. These are found primarily in the Des Moines Lobe of north-central Iowa. Vegetation includes cattails, bulrushes, bur-reeds, reeds, and sedges. Sand marshes are located along the margins of small shallow ponds and sloughs, or low wet depressions in sand prairies, found primarily along the Cedar and Mississippi Rivers in east-central and southeast Iowa. planning process and those involved, see Chapter 4 and Appendix D.) The Product The Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan does not map out every step needed to achieve the goals and strategies identified. In some cases, the steps are obviousVegetation includes emergent sedges, bulrushes, and cattails. Wet meadows are located in the transition zond between marshes and low prairie. They are found primarily along major streams in eastern Iowa and in low prairies and lake margins in north-centr, and in other cases, devising those steps may require additional planning efforts. This Plan is not solely owned by the DSC or any of the other signatories. The DSC will be coordinating some of the activities identified; however, the leadership to accom)m & #    m  j / xE )m %      Wetlands and riparian areas are part of Iowa's landscape. This chapter provides an historical and contemporary overview of Iowas wetlands and riparian areas, answering questions about their type, extent, and location. (See Appendix A). The chapter alsoplish many of the strategies will be provided by other agencies and partners. In some cases, the Plan identifies leaders, but this was not always possible. There is the hope that those who argued for specific goals and strategies will work with others toare found throughout the state, most are located within the Des Moines Lobe and the Iowan Surface of north-eastern Iowa. Vegetation includes sedges and rushes. Hanging bogs, also rare, are found on hillsides where neutral to slightly acidic groundwater comes to the surface, primarily in eastern Iowa. Vegetation includes skunk cabbage, jewelweed, asters, and dogwoods. Sphagnum mats are floating, spongy mats with peat bog vegetation on a moss substrate. They are found in limited areas of the Des Moines Lservation Service (1996), Riparian areas are lands that occur along watercourses and water bodies. Typical examples include floodplains and streambanks. They are distinctly different from surrounding lands because of unique soil and vegetation characteral Iowa. Vegetation includes sedges, bur-reeds, spike-rushes, asters, and grasses. Alluvial forests contain deciduous, softwood tree species with herbaceous understory. Large, diverse stands occur in southeast Iowa, with small, less diverse stands elsewmplex and comprehensive understanding of wetland ecology than earlier approaches to classification (Cowardin et al., 1979). The Cowardin system is hierarchical, meaning it is structured around a combination of ecological, biological, hydrological, and substrate characteristics that permit its use across the United States. The system can even take into consideration different broad categories of human influence. This system is the basis for the National Wetlands Inventory (NWI), discussed below. There aistics that are strongly influenced by the presence of water. Riparian soils often include wetland soil types, but also frequently include sands and gravels that that contain water, called alluvial aquifers. (Figure 2-1.) The National Academy of Sciencere several things to remember about using wetlands classifications. Some wetlands may not clearly fit into specific types because of an infinite variety of local conditions, and local conditions may change over time. Some changes, such as water fluctuati take ownership of those pieces of the Plan. Responsibilities for the Plan and its implementation are not exclusively held by government. For example, research and extension institutions have roles to play in wetland and riparian issues, along with private organizations and individuals. In Iowa, as in many states, most wetlands and riparian areas are found on private land perhaps 75 percent or more. Thus, it is crucial that private landowners continue to be involved in conservation efforts, and that t Introduction and Executive SummaryXO@Xb@XO/@@4e4effXO@ Xb@XJXO@Xb@ons, are cyclical and can be predicted, based on annual precipitation or drought cycles, while others, for example flood-related scouring or deposition, are catastrophic and cant be predicted. Changes such as reduction in depth or species diversity depeend on wildlife activity, human activity, and management. Finally, there are natural processes that can create or fill wetlands, but typically when such changes occur today, they have been greatly accelerated by human activity. Types of riparian areas Riparian areas include areas of streamside vegetation along any perennial or intermittent stream, including the streambank and adjoining floodplain or bottomland, which are typically distinguishable from upland areas in terms of vegetation, soils, topography,rian areas. The Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan seeks to outline an approach for the state that considers Iowas unique needs, natural and cultural resources, and economic and political realities. The challenge is to find the appropriat or other landscape characteristics (Kusler and Kentula, 1990). (Figure 3-2.) Underneath these areas of periodic inundation caused by the outflow of rivers and streams are alluvial aquifers. These sand and gravel deposits that contain water are important not only because they often supply water for human consumption, but also because they help sustain riparian wetlands during periods of low flow in adjacent streams (Thompson, 1992; Iowa Natural Resources Council, 1978). Although riparian zones are often characterized as wooded bottomlands, they originally also included large areas of prairie. According to botanist J.E. Weaver (1968): Great areas of the flood plains that were intermediate in drainage between the marshes and bluestem prairie supported continuous grassland of prairie cordgrass. It grew in dense stands from thick rhizomes. Other wetland grasses were rice cutgrass, Virginia wild-rye, reed canary grass, and redtop. Shrubs were often intermixed, as was a large group of tall, coarse herbs. A vegetational history of the Iowa River supports this view: Although there is no doubt that there were trees along the Iowa River, historical accounts and paleobotany accounts seem to suggest that while trees were present, they did not always dominate (Bray, 1996). Iowas geologic history has greatly influenced the characteristics of streams and associated riparian wetlands. Streams in the geologically young glaciated region of north-central Iowa are widely spaced and slowly meander through flat terrain with black topsoil. In the geologically older and steeper landscapes of southern and western Iowa, streams are more numerous and closer together. In northeast Iowas Paleozoic Plateau or Driftless Area, where the landscape has weathered longer than any other part of the state, rock ledges and cliffs border relatively cool, steep streams flowing over gravel bottoms (Iowa Association of Naturalists, 1993b). Human activity has also greatly influenced Iowas riparian areas, and this influence continues. the public support this involvement, which benefits the wider community. This Plan signals the State of Iowas commitment to conserve the functions and values of wetlands and riparian areas through activities that will protect, restore, enhance, and createits purpose. It is estimated that in the late-1700s to early-1800s, the state had from 4 to 6 million acres of wetlands (Dahl, 1990; Bishop, 1981). More than one million acres of swamp lands were transferred to Iowa by the federal government in the 1850s and 1860s (Bishop and van der Valk, 1982). General Land Office surveyors mapped 686,568 acres of wetland vegetation from 1832-1859 (Anderson, 1996). USDA inventories of Iowa showed 930,000 acres of wetlands in 1906 and 368,000 acres in 1922 (Shaw and them. The voluntary emphasis of the Plan underscores the commitment to proceed in a cooperative framework to achieve those aims. Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Document.8 mH tro Microsoft Word 8.0 Microsoft Word Document MSWordDoc Word.Docume supports the general estimates of change. For example, soil survey data indicate that the area of palustrine wetlands in north-central Iowa was in the range of 11 to 30 times the current area. An estimate of the reduction in wetland area in the 29 counties of the Des Moines Lobe compared results from hydric soils data with the USDA National Resources Inventory (NRI) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service National Wetlands Inventory (NWI). For the Des Moines Lobe region, the reduction in area was in the range of 91.1 percent to 96.5 percent (Wangpakapattanawong, 1996). In a national report to Congress, Wetlands: Losses in the United States 1780s to 1980s, the estimates given for Iowa indicate a loss of wetland area of 89 percent, from 4.0 million acres in the 1780s to 421,900 acres in the 1980s. In the study, only two states showed a higher percentage loss than Iowa (Ohio: 90 percent, California: 91 percent). The national average loss was 53 percent (Dahl, 1990). Two other often-quoted sources give the amount of Iowa's existing wetlands as considerably less. An article by Bishop (1981) in the Proceedings of the Iowa Academy of Sciences reported a loss of 95 percent of the states natural wetlands, and showed just over 36,400 acres of natural and artificial marsh still existing. (Table 3-1.) The book Iowas Natural Heritage puts the amount of wetlands in Iowa at approximately 110,000 acres in the 1970s (Bishop and van der Valk, 1982). This included marshes, but also sloughs, lakes, and riverine wetlands. It may be that the above estimates do not adequately account for all of Iowas wetland types, especially wet prairies and fens. Wet prairie communities, also known as wet or sedge meadows, may be the most threatened in Iowa, and restoration efforts generally have been unsuccessful (Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 1996). They typically do not have standing water most of the year, but are characterized by waterlogged sediments. The hydrology of these sites is complex, and not well understood. Fens, as describes riparian ecosystems as having a high water table because of proximity to an aquatic ecosystem or to subsurface water. They are areas of continuous interaction between aquatic and upland terrestrial ecosystems, and are known for their high dive1\Xp   |  ? 2 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlanN0,N^NuNVA)H n ZBgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n >9n^BgHxHlNf0,N^NuNVA)H n \BgHxHlN>0,N^NuNVA)H 9n ^BgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H n [BgIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 3 3@@ Z0[pvZ0 ,@  W   u |  eD V,h  a4'*#'*HXQx/ %T<TTTT$$$$ |$d<Q$$$$ $<,Pnother infrequently found wetland type, are spring-fed wetlands that may occur as part of wet prairies in Iowa (Pearson and Leoschke, 1992). Midwestern fens are mostly small (less than 4 hectares/10 acres) and occur primarily on hillslopes. Like wet meadThe dramatic changes in the character of the states streams and rivers from damming and channelizing exemplify this. Amount of wetlands and riparian areas Past and present estimates of wetlands and riparian areas vary widely, depending on the source andows, fens are not necessarily obvious to the casual observer, since they usually have surface saturation, but not standing water. About 200 fens have been identified as still existing in Iowa, out of more than 1,000 potential sites, but most have been sig  9 `ff eight wetland and aquatic types in the state, described below. Open water consists of slow-moving rivers, ponds, lakes, sloughs, oxbows, and btered throughout Iowa. Characteristic vegetation includes submersed or floating-leaved vegetation of duckweeds, nificantly altered by hydrological changes, grazing, drainage, and other land uses. The amount of wetlands existing in Iowa in 1997 is estimated to be about 1.2 percent of the states surface area, compared to about 11 percent 200 years ago (U.S. Geologi2 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan\ ,Rl\P60eS Ia0\P\`6eSHHb\P\5eSPPP\P\5eS\\P\HHPIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 333\0PeS Ia\0\@0eSHHb\0\`eS \0\`eS\0 3cal Survey, 1996). Efforts are underway by state and federal agencies to develop up-to-date state inventories based on refinements in National Wetlands Inventory data. (Figures 3-3 and 3-4). There are ongoing controversies over the amount of wetlands, arsity, density, and productivity. Aridity, topography, and relief, and the presence of depositional soils most strongly influence the extent of high water tables and associated riparian ecosystems (National Research Council, 1995b). $`'0* 2p5@8 CPF I Q``ackwaters scattered throughout Iowa. Characteristic vegetation includes submersed or floating-leaved vegetation of duckweeds, wa@PsST@^saT@lsoT@zs}T@sT@sT@sT@sT@sT@·sT@܇sT@sT@s the relative losses versus gains. It is widely agreed, however, that national policies to protect wetlands have helped slow the rate of loss, and restoration programs are reintegrating wetlands back into the landscape. Iowa wetland and riparian wetland restorations that have occurred as a result of federal programs have included more than 68,000 acres enrolled in USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) programs, and another 10,000 acres through the FWS Partners for Wildlife Program. In perspective, the total area of all restorations done in the southern prairie pothole region (characterized the southern prairie pothole region as southeastern South Dakota, southern Minnesota, and northern Iowa) between 1987 and 1991 is comparable to the pre-dra]uvw    zfcTSvppoooooonnnnnnmmmmmmllllllkkkkkkjjjjjjiiiiiihhhhhhggggggffffffeeeeeeddddddccccccbbbbbbaaaaaa``````______^^^^^^]]]]]]\\\\\\[[[[[[ZZZZZZYYYYYYXXXXXXWWWWWWVVVVVVUUUUUUTTTTTTSSSSSSRRRRRRQQQQQQinage wetland area of just one 36 square-mile township (Galatowitsch and van der Valk, 1996). There are several reasons why estimates do not agree on acreage amounts. Even over short time-frames, acreage amounts change due to cultural and natural processobe in northern Iowa, particularly Hancock County. Vegetation includes sphagnum, sundew, polytrichum, aulocomnium, helodium, sedges, and spike-rushes. The current national standard for classifying wetlands is the Cowardin system, which reflects a more cooIB<IBIBIBIBriparian areas are ideal spots for recreation. Here, canoeists enjoy the scenery along the Chichaqua Bottoms on the Skunk River in northeast Polk County. The !"6V6VVsUUV$$$$ |$d<U$$$$ $<,Ut KLtt of Science, Des Moines. p. 208-229. Bryan, Georgia. 1993. Managing Iowa habitats: fen wetlands. Extension publication Pm-1351f. Iowa State University, Ames. 8 p. Cohen, Dan. 1993a. Iowa's biologicWetlands and Riparian Areas: Definitionsey Defined?` here in Iowa. Vegetation includes maples, willows, cottonwood, indigobush, dogwoods, sedges, jewelweed, buttercups, and goldenrods. Fens, a rare wetland habitat in Iowa, occur on hillsides where alkaline groundwater comes to the surface. Though they ey es such as drainage and weather. There are also a variety of methods and data sources for quantifying wetlands and riparian areas. Then, as noted in Chapter 2, there are a variety of definitions of wetlands and riparian areas different purposes for weterial photographs, and do not consider whether areas interpreted as wetlands are regulated. In Iowa, the NWI mapped a total of 577,429 acres of vegetated wetlands; 289,356 acres of pond, lake and reservoir habitats; and 97,405 acres of river and stream habitats. In preparing NWI data, the FWS adapted and used the Cowardin system (Cowardin et al., 1979). Though it is based on a non-regulatory definition, the Cowardin System is very similar to the major regulatory definitions (see Chapter 2). In the past 20 years that NWI maps have been produced, experience and increasing knowledge in wetland and soil science, and hydrology have led to changes in NWI mapping procedures. The minimum size wetland on NWI maps is generally one to three acres. Very narrow wetl X!cterize a wetland: water - saturated for a minimum of 14 days during the growing season in most years; 2) substrate - hydric soils and some hydric areas that are not classified as soils, such as the bottoms of rivePPPPPPOOOOOONNNNNNMMMMMMLLLLLLKKKKKKJJJJJJIIIIIIHHHHHHGGGGGGFFFFFFEEEEEEDDDDDDCCCCCCBBBBBBAAAAAA@@@@@@??????>>>>>>======<<<<<<;;;;;;::::::9999998888887777776666665555554444443333332222221111 Z! ound to be the most reliable indicator, but algae and animals might also be justifiable wetland indicators. A broader definition was developed recently for Iowa that emphasizes the connections between wetlands andPhoto: Howard SWCD Farmers and others work together to restore wetlands A cooperative effort helped farmers Victor and Doris Buresh enhance a marsh on their Howard County farm. This restoration was one of seven completed in 1994 that involvedt involvedd11000000//////......------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!! ic vegetation. Controversy Over Wetland Definitions There has been a tremendous amount of controversy about how to define wetlands. However, there are just a few minor differences between the 1987 Wetlands Delineation Manual and the Farm Bill definitio iin,ݪD3DUDDUwU3UU3"3DD3"3"3"D"3"3"33D33""""""""" """""""ands in river corridors, forested wetlands, and wetlands cultivated at the time of mapping are generally not depicted. What this means is that the NWI is designed to err on the side of omission. If an NWI map indicates the presence of a wetland in a given area, it is highly likely that a wetland is there. If the NWI does not indicate a wetland, one is usually not there, but the maps omit many small and drier-end wetlands and others that are difficult to photointerpret (Tiner, 1997). NWI data were used in this Plan because they are officially recognized as a national wetlands mapping tool. The advantages to using the NWI include that the data cover the entire state, are relatively recent, are inclusive of a variety of wetlands and riparian types, are availland inventories can lead to different inventory criteria and resulting estimates. National Wetlands Inventory The NWI is a relatively recent inventory of U.S wetlands by the FWS. The wetland amounts reported by the NWI are based on interpretations of aaable in digital form, and are relatively well documented and detailed (Tiner, 1997). However, the NWI also has limitations that are typical of many similar large geographic information databases. These limitations include that each wetland was photograpp$y$ $ $ ifelse def /setcmykcolor where{pop} {/setcmykcolor{1 sub 4 1 roll 3{3 index add neg dup 0 lt {pop 0}if 3 1 roll}repeat R pop}B}ifelse /C/setcmykcolor load def /stovp0/setoverprint where{/setoverprint get}{{ts in National Wetlands Inventory data. (Figures 3-3 and 3-4.) There are ongoing controversies over the amount of wetlands, ando3o3o3o3o3o3o3o3o"3,o b ^hol3vo    /xpcscrn{setcolorscreen}def /q/Symbol findfont dup maxlength dict begin cf/Encoding mv def currentdict end definefont dup/sym X /q -1 3 -1 roll newmm/symf X p2 /CT ctf def /setdg{11 array astore/dg X [0 dg {dup 3Chapter 3DUUdƀUUDUDUff̻̪ JDUDDUDUDUDUDUUDUDUUDUDDU fw̻ݻ̻̪ ^ st1}def pkng{savepacking setpacking}if end userdict/xbldct 41 dict dup begin put /setpacking where dup{exch pop currentpacking exch true setpacking}if /@1 0 def/@2 0 def /c0 0 def/m0 0 def/y0 0 def/k0 0 def /c1 5Q8PT]Tn]0]0Pa0]HHTp]`0]P]]` ,PP]` 0(Xrrrrrrqq]]`a0]`mm+ + + 4+HHff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff7J777ifelse}B /calcbnd{72 72 mtx defaultmatrix dtransform abs exch abs 2 copy lt{exch}if pop/languagelevel where{pop languagelevel}{1}ifelse 2 ge{pop 256} {/currentcolorscreen where{pop currentcolorscreen p2 3 {3 ind""""3"3"3"3"3"3D3D3D3DD3D3UDUDDUDUDUfUfUUfU fUfUUfUffDfUfwwfUfwfwwfwfwwwwwwwwww̪ ̻̻̻̻̻ݻ̻7O777dup 0 rl 0 exch neg rl}bind {dup neg dup 0 exch m 0 l dup 0 exch l 0 l}bind {0 0 3 -1 roll 0 360 arc}bind {dup mul dup add sqrt 0 0 3 -1 roll 0 360 arc}bind ]def /xblnd{/blmode X/blf X blmode 2 eq{/k1 X/y1 X/m1 normal precipitation conditions, and some non-regulatory wetlands are included. The NWI pre-release versions of the county data that were available during development of this Plan also have some data labeling and incompleteness problems that will be corre7P777h}if sub/blstp exch/maxblnd where{pop}{calcbnd}ifelse maxblnd mul round cvi def blstp 0 ne{/blw 128 blstp 1 add div def/kstp k1 k0 sub blstp div def blmode 2 eq{/cstp c1 c0 sub blstp div def/mstp m1 m0 sub blstpchaqua Bottoms Greenbelt also offers camping, hunting, hiking, cross-country skiing, ice fishing, and wildlife viewing, and includes the Chichaqua Valley Trail, a 20-mile recreational trail along the 1883 route of the Wisconsin, Iowa, and Nebraska Railway.7S777x sub exch /c0 c0 cstp add def/m0 m0 mstp add def/y0 y0 ystp add def/k0 k0 kstp add def}repeat} {{k0 blmode 0 eq{setgray}{sepgr}ifelse 2 copy exec fill exch 2 index sub exch /k0 k0 kstp add def}repeat}ifelse p3} The 5,000-acre Greenbelt, a half-hour from downtown Des Moines, is managed by the Polk and Jasper county conservation boards and the Iowa Department of Natural Resources. Its diverse woodlands, wetlands, and prairies are being restored. Some sites are  w33DU3DU3D"3"3D 33D"3"3"3D3"3"""""%""""""""""33""" "3"33""3"3"3"3""33"3"3""3""3 D3D"3D3"33D3D3DD33DUDUDDUDDUregulatory purposes. The purpose of developing a summary of wetlands and riparian areas is to help better understand Iowa wetlands and riparian areas by general location, type, and amount. For these reasons, the limitations (noted above) of the NWI pre-r6 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlanTTd~Pd Tdd}d~_ftD3UDD3Dd}U3U3DD3D3D3D3D3DD3D33D3D3D3d~0_`ftd~_Pft00?d~SSTThed only once and the photos were taken over a 6-year period (1980-1985) data collection, verification, digitizing, and documentation has occurred over 17 years and is still continuing. In addition, the photos were taken during normal to slightly above Fredine, 1956). Approximately 138,000 acres of water habitat were thought to have existed in 1955 (Bishop, 1981). Though estimates differ, all agree that wetlands and riparian areas have had a dramatic net decrease in size and number. Scientific evidenceDU DUDUDUUfUUfUDfwwffUfwffUwwfww  ̻̪fD3DDUU"33""33D3D"D"33D3""3D""""""*1"" """"""""""" """"""""""3"3"DD3"3"33D3"33DU3UDfD33D3DDf3UDf)3DUDUUDffwfDfwwwDUwwfwfD3DUDUffw _ ̻̙ ݻ̻wUfD3DUwD33U3D"3"3""""3"+"""3".D""""DD3""3"DD3""3""DDf33DDfUU33fUDUfUD"3""Dw3Dfw̪̪̪ff̪ݻww3D"UfU33"3DUD33D3""3D33D33D3"D3"""""""!Zelease digital data classifications were considered acceptable for this Plan. Therefore, the resultant summary information alone should not be used for local decision-making or regulatory purposes.local decision-making or regulatory purposes. $`'0* 2p5!""3"3"""5D3"3""3"D""3"""UDUDUUwUDUD3DD3DU3"""3"3w"U3 f̙wݻ̻̪ݻ̻DݻݪwUUDwf3DUf3D3DD3"3UDD33D3""3""""""3" n^4 ^4p%,^'^40^^4^5^^4    Natubar -- Historic influences Sidebar ide Ann Robinson sto nn Normal Ann Robinson sto Microsoft Word 8.0 osoft Office Templates +00 IDALS/DSC Sidebar -- Historic influences Sidebar Title _PID_GUID +00 Sidebar -- Historic influences Sidebar Natu"$&Q:""3""U3""DD33U3DD3"DU"re and culture both have influenced Iowas wetlands and riparian areas, a process that continues today. Natural processes that shape the land include erosion and deposition by wind, water, and glaciers, as well as biologic interaction with land surface ma """3DfD3ffw"33"3D"DU"3""fUw3Ufw̻ݪw ̪̻ݻ̪̙̈fDD3UwfUU3U3DD3D3"3DDUUD"3""3"3"3'F""D3"3"D3D"3D3"33"3"""UD3U3DUUD3U3D3D3"3"3Dfݻ̻"f̪̪w3̻ݻ̪̻ݻff̪̪̻U33UU3UD3""DUDUDUD3D3"3""3"2  M"""""3"3D"""33"DD""3 D""""33"3fwDfDDUU3""33D3"3"3DwD UDw̙ ݻ ̙̻ݪfw̻f3DwfDDfUfD"3DU3U33DUUD3" 3""3D"""8N"""3D"""3"33"3"UD3"D"3$UU3DDfD33"3DUU3UffDwUݙ̪DÜ ̪fffDUwffD 3DD3U33D3"DUD3DD3D3"3"33"D""2K"3""3"33"3"""3DD3DUD3"33D"""3UDUD3fDDfD3"DUfU"fww3ݻwf̻̻̈ݻ%ݻfw̪̪̙UDD3UUUDD3DUUDDUDUDDUDUDD3D3""3D3"""2G"" """33"D3"3"3"3+fD33"D"D""""D33ff3f33U3DD33DDfU"fUfU3f w̙fݻw̪̪̪fUDDfDwwD3"D3UfU3UDUDUD3D3"3""#C$""""""3 D"3"DD3"3D".3D33U33"D"3D""""D3"Uf3DD3D""D3Df"33UfUwݻff ̪DUݪ̻̻UDUfwwDwD"DfDU33DD33UDDU33DD3"3""3"3""3,"" G$"3"""333U"D"3"D3DU"UD"Df33U""""3D"3wwDDf"D"terials. Glaciation, geologic erosion, precipitation variation, temperature variation, and other natural processes have caused changes in the amount of wetlands and riparian areas. Over millions of years, Iowa has been covered by shallow warm seas, tropi 3f3"DUU̻̙̻ݙf ̻1̻ݻwUwffwUDU3UfU3U3DD3DUDDU"3"3"3D"33"" ;"3"U3""Uf33D"3"3D33DUD3U DD3"3""3"UwfDfD"U3"3Df"3DwUffUwD̈̈Üݻ ̻̙fwwfUDfUDw33D3D3Df3"3D33"3DD"3D3"""553"3""33D"3"DDf3U3"33"33DD"3DffDD3DUUD"3"3" DD"UUD"DDf33"3!DU"fUw""DwwfU̻ݻ̻̻̻wfwfwwffDUfU3U33DffD3 "33UD"33D3""   *,""D3"DD3""D"fDD3"3 "3D3D3"3U3UfU3D3DUD353DD"fw"U3Uw3"D"3DUfffw̻DUw݈3̙ݪfݻ̻ fwfwffwUUffD3DfUU3 fw3D3UD"D"U3"3"" 3 """3DD"DD3ww3""33D"33Dff3DUfDU3"D33"37"3U3DwfU3DwffD3"3""ffUwwff3DU̪wf̻wffwwfffUU3UwD33fw3D3DD33D""" +33D3fUD3DD"fwD3D33D3UUf3UD fUUD3U3""36DfD3w3UwDwfUDD"f3DfwUUwf̈̈Dw̻ff̈wfݻf ̙f̪wwwfUUfwffU3DDD3D "3D"""36"" -""3""3U77 77rmation about wetlands and riparian areas. Specific informational needs that are most often mentioned relate to the current status of wetlands and riparian areas; their functions and values; economic costs and benfU33U"33"Uf3"DUDfU3DD3DDfDfU3D3"33D3DD3UDDwf3U3wfDfwfwwfU̪̙fwwU ̻ :̻ff̪wwwffUff3DwwfUUwU3UD3DDfU3DU3"DD3"33"""3*""""3UU""D3"3D33"33"DU3DD3DD3wfUU33Uw3UU"3DU3w3wUDfwD"w"DwU̻wwDU̪݈ ;ݙ̻fwfDUff33wfDf3U3UfDUfDDf33UD33"""""""(+ ""3 U3DD""Dw3Df"3%"3DD3DUDUfDUU"Uf"DUDwU3DfD3DUUUDUwwfU3w̙̻ݙ 3ݻ̻ ̻wsUUV<sUUVsUUVsUUVsUUVrt helped farmers Victor and Doris Buresh enhance a marsh on their Howard County farm. This restoration was one of seven completed in 1994 that involvedt involwUwfUDDwfDfU wDwwDfUUDD3"3"", .8"""""D"3"UDffU33UD""D""3"3UDD3wffUUfDffwUffwwUDDD3U'DUwDDfffw̻ݻf̻UU̪̪ ݻ2ݻU̪wwfwwffUUffwffDU3D3D3""."FDD3"U3"3UDU3UU3UD"U3""3D3D3f3f3DfwffDfUDUU-cal forests, glaciers and ice sheets, coniferous forests, prairies, and finally hardwood forests in protected areas (Eilers and Roosa, 1994). Over the past few thousand years, climate changes have caused significant fluctuations in lake levels and in wetlD"w"DfDUU̪ ݻ̻ݻ̙̻̪wwUwUfwffU33""""6/and sizes and characteristics throughout the state (Prior, 1991). Cultural processes affecting wetlands and riparian areas involve movement and activities of people, such as immigration, transportation, agriculture, agriculture, urban development, land dra+""""D3DwDDU335wUDD"3U""D"f33DffDwDDUfUDfU3DD"3UUDDÜݙ̻ ݻ ̻3Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 7 7|0`@[P@@@@@@@@@@@@H([@{` [[`{`[ | 33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffǻ ̻̻̪wwwwfU3UU33" ""33""* 5being restored as part of mitigation agreements for other permitted wetland losses. Local wildlife and environmental groups have been instrumental in the effort to protect this greenbelt located in the states fastest growing metropolitan area. U1U1U1U1U1U""""3/DwUUD"D33f3fUD3U3"DffUDUw3DwUDwDwwDDff3DD3wwfUff̙ݪ̙  ̻̪̻̪̙fwfff3ffD3"3"337T<TTTT j / xE )m %     F33J"".  """3"3DD3f"UfUwUffD wfUU3ffwwfUwUfwfP7]777nX,iX($+$ƶ7$-Z9ZȱEX;Gffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333inage, and stream channelization. The first written records from travelers in Iowa document the large number of wetlands and riparian areas. Explorers, such as Marquette and Joliet (along the Mississippi River in 1673) and Lewis and Clark (along the Missouri River in 1804) described the serpentine meanderings of the river and backwaters full of fish, fowl, and other wildlife (Sage, 1974). The variety of life, or biodiversity, once found in this landscape was much greater than most Iowans would ever guess (Dinsmore, 1994). The lands earliest American Indian inhabitants often preferred wetlands and riparian areas for settlement (Anfinson, 1997; Lensink, 1984), but later Euro-Americans considered much of this land waste land. Settlers described the difficulty in crossing the prairies and rivers because of the almost impassable bogs and sloughs and soft and treacherous bottomlands, which were the terror of the traveler far and near (Payne, 1911). Since then, Iowa's landscape has undergone dramatic changes as the mosaic of prairies, wetlands, and forests dissected with streams, rivers, and wetland complexes has been gradually converted to farm fields, urban settlements, and transportation corridors. Iowas people have energetically modified the llly converted to farm fields, urban settlements, and transportation corridors. Iowas people have energetically modified the land to suit their needs and fulfill their visions, using the best information, technology, and technical expertise available. DraChapter 2ScBC֠+++SS֠+++SSff֠+++SS֠+++Sinage was encouraged for many years by federal and state government. The U.S. Congress enacted Swamplands Acts in 1850 and 1860 tcted Swamplands Acts in 1850 and 1860 tral and state government. The U.S. Congress enacted Swamplands Acts in 1850 and 1860 that resulted in over 1.1 million acres of Iowa swamp and overflow lands to be reclaimed, primarily for farming (Bishop and van der Valk, 1982). Wetlands and riparian areas were sold to individuals and land speculators for as little as 25 cents an acre.. Other wetlands and riparian areas were given to railroad companies and steamboat companies as incentives to build transportation routes. Wetlands were seen as a menace to and a hindrance to land development. Approximately 65 million acres of wetlands were given to 15 states by Congress for reclamation and to eliminate mosquito-breeding swamps (Leitch, 1989). The Iowa Legislature enacted legislation to establish drainage districts in the late 1800s. This gave the county boards of supervisors jurisdiction and authority to establish drainage districts and levees to drain, straighten, widen, deepen, or change any natural water course whenever the action is of public utility or conducive to public health, convenience, or welfare. (See Appendix B.) Soon after, drainage on a large scale began, with much of it completed early in this century. Iowa law still presumes that drainage is a public benefit and conducive to the public health, convenience or welfare (Chapter 468, Code of Iowa). Up until the 1970s, the USDA Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service (the precursor to the Farm Service Agency) provided financial incentives for farmers to drain and in other ways modify land and waterways to move water off land and increase productivity. Yet for years, some have asked whether drainage and stream altering activities have gone too far. Iowas native son Aldo Leopold, in his 1949 classic, A Sand County Almanac, expressed concerns about the impacts of so drastically altering the landscape: It cannnot be right, in the ecological sense, for a farmer to drain the last marsh channelize his creek or pasture his steep slopes, because in doing so, he passes flood trouble to his neighbors below, just as his neighbors above have passed it to him. Leoppold was not the first to raise such questions. Even in the 1920s, similar concerns were expressed by others, including William Berry (1927), who wrote in the Iowa Journal of History and Politics: "There is some question as to whether or not the State andd7`777nancery Medium Italic Zapf DingbatsU4[g[[m0[f [kP[m /^([m 0XVersaille[f@[m0,V the United States as a whole have yet received any real benefits from this drainage With the exception of the few war-time years, drainage has merely contributed to a surplus that has so upset farming conditions as to threaten the very foundation of of 7k7773ood Type Ornaments 2Zapf Chancery Medium Italic Zapf Dingbats3[f[`[  agriculture It has lowered the ground water table throughout much of the State and it has destroyed the most valuable breeding grounds of migratory birds in [the] central United States. It would have been better to have left the swamp lands in their o owUfUw3fU"33f̪w̻ ̻ݻݻݪ ̪̪ (ݪ̪ff̻wfUwwUwUD3UfU"""3"3"3"0"XI <I II  I** *"*#*(*,*.*/*3*4*r5*s6*7*8*9*;*>*A*HC*[""  ". 6 $ N$!$gation agreements for other, permitted wetland losses. Local wildlife and environmental groups have been instrumental in the effort to protect this greenbelt located in the states fastest growing metrS S 1S$$$$ |$d<Xp$$$$ $<,YЈ0$$$$ U U 3U     9   "  G  / 3 z  & U Z    WU,1 %U/TX`@xSource: Prior, 1991+dmpU8YhYd?Xd>dA0dDd>HHUdA`0dDd>dA` 0(dA` /dA*d>   *"3""3"33""UDUfUD3D33UwfDUDUwwUDU"DfffDffUww3DfDDw̻ݪݪw ̻ݙ`riginal state. But such was not to be the case with wetlands or with streams. As in many other parts of the United States, there developed a cultural, legal, and economic tradition that devalued wetlands and riparian lands. When water posed an obstaclea ! .U$$$$ $<,Xd0$$$$ @$d<U$*Dm *<e*Dm **[*[*i*g@*** *"*#*(*,*.*/*3*4*r5*s6*7*8*9*;*>*A*HC*[////@$d<U$$$$      RShown here are Iowa National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) vegetated wetlands; pond, lake, and reservoir habitats; and stream habitats. The map shading indicates the number of acres of each NWIwetland type in each county. Vegetated wetlands average 5,83ge 5, to settlement and development, Iowans have been remarkably successful at removing it and channeling it into more convenient patterns. The changes in the landscape are widely lauded as the source of much prosperity in this breadbasket of the world, y y& T&#&` ݻwfUw̪U DUff3"D"D"DD3"1  Figure 2-1 Cross-section of a riparian area Cross-sectional view of a riparian area. Riparian areas can be symmetrical or asymmetrical in shape. Their topography and hydrogeology determine the plant and animal communities associated with them.@$333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD"")"""33"3Ffw"33"D3DDfw3"3fw3wfUfUfUUfDDffDUfwfU̪wDw̻w ݪf̻̻ffwUfUwD3"333D3DDU"3-  "[""33"3iwwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""++ H !N ]Q%]K  9NC n # D""DD"3UUww33U"DfUUDfU3Dff"w"UU3UfwfwwDfwfww̪̻w̻̻̙ ̪Uݪ!̻̪w̻̪ffw""3DUUD3"""5%%%%̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33)3"3DD3"U33"U3fDDDfUDUfDfwwDfffwDffUfUff3f.̪w̻̻̙ݻ̙ݪ̈ 'ݻ̻̪̪̻wU"D UDUD3U3""5 q83:J3I fF C 7p++++|$d<Q$$$$ $<,Q 0$$$$ ~)""3"DD3BD"3"UwU"3DUwDUDU3fDDffw"wwwUUDfUfUfUf3w̻̪̙݈fݙ uet only a small percentage of the state's original wetlands remain, and riparian areas have also been severely degraded. Today, Iowans, like their counterparts elsewhere, are trying to find a reasonable balance between development and greater care for nat7 7773.------,,,,,,++++++******))))))((((((''''''&&&&&&%%%%%%$$$$$$######""""""!!!!!! ural resources, including wetlands and riparian areas.yZݻ ̙̪fDfUU"UD3D3""(Figure 3-2 Generalized cross-section of typical Iowa wetlands and riparian areassJOj""DDUf3D3UU3"3Df33"UD"wDDU3DfwffwDwUfwUfUUwfẅ̻̻U̻ݪD̻̻ݻ̪ݪ̙w̻f wwUD"D""D""""""""""G"DDfUfwDDUDf3U"3fU"U"DU3fDDU3"fffwwfwUfwUwDff̪ݻ̈Wetlands and Riparian Areas in Iowa dC`  L L? ? ? 4@?HHjff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffD*E*i*k*l*m*r*s*y*z*m}*i~****ƀ***** * * *** * *****tʭ*i*Y: ]: ::xNBX`XQBK'ffZQy335u<xT<x<=>?@ABCDEFGIJLMOPQRSWY[^ O"*&.:;-354;8 12;Po    v  s r@IB<6/ /// `( Q O tSource: National Wetlands Inventory, 1980-1997f`i@@f@@@@@@@@@@@@f0fi@33 f   (())//00::fĀi@YY f        vG C pk\k3, 3, ӀsӀ U0l?C=@ 7VJA V:V3V88V75V3((*+104 23151=; KUVU `c h Vjc gl Vllst m f H F :0)    uoKE!! //f        WYެ}*Nz*>-x*3 iu*#t*n*`m* k* @j*a*pW*DmV*U*݀O*ڀN*DM*DL*K*I*F*C*B*D-*D,*g+*z**_)*a(*a'*%$*$#*%"*1!*0 *******"**@**[€ T>рH& +HHff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""++$ H !N ]Q%]K  9NC n # 83:J3I fF C 7FPhoto: Polk County Conservation Board Wetlands offer recreational opportunities Wetlands and riparian areas are ideal spots for recreation. Here, canoeists enjoy the scenery along the Chichaqua Bottoms on the Skunk River in northeast Polk County. 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Ding Darling Foundation Wetland loss concerned conservation pioneer J.N. Ding Darling was already nationally known for his Des Moines Register cartoons when Secretary of Agriculture Henry A. Wallace appointed him Chief of the UVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVVV.S. Biological Survey in 1934. Darlings illustrations often depicted scenes of Iowas wetlands and waterways, frequently calling attention to their loss and degradation. After his experience in Iowa as a member of the newly constituted Iowa State Fish and Game Commission, Darling helped establish national programs for restoration of migratory waterfowl habitat, the Federal Duck Stamp Act of 1934, the National Wildlife Federation, and cooperative wildlife research units at land grant universities. 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The Buresh site provides diverse vegetation and water for wildlife, including 3.5 acres of mixed pine plantation, a four-acre corn and grain sorghum wildlife food plot, and several acres of switchgrass enrolled in the federal Conservation Reserve Program.  $Q$zJ΀edfljg5Vhkl n}]sAQwy||*{t r ml@nqs"qf'mc/l#1j2e5a8d;b<c>a?ABCDEFH̀JˀJǀHŀFC A?>\6V@5T4Հ2/.)(5>e5 5X2@@$@ >   Nm{NAOiPfQqRoSqUpWBX̀YEZm[j\u]s^u`taFbEcKdtepf{gyh{i{kL(mKmkNNAw5+ހfg jkh/i hkflnq*y}}0 ~zo@lvoĔqsq mlieb@cbcp _!""/$4%4&2'4(4)Y++Ԁ)&"X![ [YUՀ@  ,v" {߫@@($r@ y!}S*5!ϳHy@A@ @,!0Qv01]2Y3d4b5d7c95:4;B<i=g>q?pBrCCDBEFFoGlHvItJvLuMGNFONQM-QO100l@<HFHGDAMKML LIUSUT!JyJyetuz}zyx*wxcy}y|~VrU/U:VYS yZ!$9=.I3O=489:;<EG~ J=O]Tai t~v{wtzp}aC|C|. . . 4..HHYff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33̙̙̙̙ff̙33̙ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33ffffffffffff33ffffffff̙ffffff33ffffffffffffff33ffffffffffffffffffffffff33ffffff33ff33ff33ff33ffff3333ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333333333̙33ff33333333333333ff33333333ff33ff33ff33ffff33ff3333ff3333333333333333ff333333333333333333ff333333ff33̙ff33ff33ffffffffffff33ff33333333ff333333ff33wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwUUDD""wwwwwwUUUUUUDDDDDD""""""..        ()^m `^ i  ^   LR      NLY`M10 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan 6BgHx#HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n >BgHx&HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n :BgHx'HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n BgHx(HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n :BgHx*HlNn0,N^NuNVA)H National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) maps indicate wetlands by type, using the classification system developed by Cowardin (1979). The minimum wetland size on NWI maps is generally one to three acres. Very narrow wetlands in river corridors and wetlands thathree acres. Very narrow wetlands in river corridors and wetlands that were cultivated at the time of mapping are generally not depicted, and forested wetlands are poorly discriminated.??]Vb[ Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 11 11,N^NuNVA)H )n BgHx HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n 6BgHx HlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n *)n.)n"BgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H n ZBgHxHlN0,N^NuNVA)H )n >12 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan0,l9@0,lo9l0l//,Hl/,NO=@g n m=|F(_0.`&0,lЬ @0,H"n.Rl(_pN^NuNV)n lh| l-h (gjj`^Uj lSW    Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 13 13amnug strtg prntg =|`p-@ Ef$=x XBnp-@Ap`>fl=n`=Ep-@A-HAp0`> GgJGf8 <g,Bnp-@-@A>fJg 8&` ~`JGf~=GLdN^ _O   RS       ^fi_pularity of his work endures, and Darling is recognized as one of the nations pioneering conservationists. 14 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlan Zapf DingbatsU4[g[[m0[f [kP[m /^([m 0XVersaille[f@[m0,V  sgIowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation Plan 15 15Zapf Chancery Medium Italic Zapf Dingbats3[f[`[  n?popol@<HFHGDAMKML LIUSUT!i@?@ /Wld/ =@d*d.Ы0,Sd. d2YhUYd.U Medid/d2d.HHXh kpr iksjg "d<Q8$$$$      R   *This table does not classify wetlands by standard categories, and includes other types of waterbodies, such as reservoirs, farm ponds, streams, etc. Source: Bishop, 19811@AYɔ7T<TTTTHb %@$d<U $$ ɀwwfe`~`}\|[{zyxxussqpnn:ko1hqar]qz\rYp ToTPpNo%MoLqKmGnUXDm*Clx t16 Iowa Wetlands and Riparian Areas Conservation PlanPlancing Page  A-Master A B-Master B C-Master C Ultr[Y[gp#[ e:[a0[g#[m.m[a0.n>n PUX@mBoAl8n6i5h4i3f0d .e+c(e'c%c$f!d  ffdcbc^] ^ \[6X"WWYXW     BB  nsu  / / %  Type (by acres per county) $ * . 9YfPPi@f$fi@Te$e3 acres per county. 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